Influence of Salamanca colleges in society on the ancien regime

La institución colegial salmantina durante el siglo XVI ejerce una importante labor como generadora de profesionales al servicio de instrumentos creados por la corona y el gobierno de sus dominios. De esta labor es explícita cierta función social que en este trabajo hemos tocado desde dos vertientes fundamentales: la de mantener mediante la formación de colegiales a la maquinaria del Estado, y la de ayudar a reproducir ese modelo en el nuevo continente conquistado. Así mismo los colegios salmantinos nutrirán a la Iglesia de la reforma tridentina, de los eclesiásticos que precisa en su labor regeneradora. Iglesia y Estado, binomio indisoluble sustentado por los colegios de la Universidad de Salamanca.The Salamanca collegiate institution during the sixteenth century has an important role as a generator of professionals serving instruments created by the Crown and government of his dominions. This work is explicit certain social role in this work have touched on two fundamental aspects: to maintain through training collegial to the state machinery, and to help replicate that moden in the new continent. Also Salamanca coleges nurture the church of the Tridentine reform of the ecclesiastics in its work that needs regenerating. Church and State indisoluble unión supported by the colleges of the University of Salamanca

Influencia de los colegios universitarios salmantinos en la sociedad del Antiguo Régimen

La institución colegial salmantina durante el siglo XVI ejerce una importante labor como generadora de profesionales al servicio de instrumentos creados por la corona y el gobierno de sus dominios. De esta labor es explícita cierta función social que en este trabajo hemos tocado desde dos vertientes fundamentales: la de mantener mediante la formación de colegiales a la maquinaria del Estado, y la de ayudar a reproducir ese modelo en el nuevo continente conquistado. Así mismo los colegios salmantinos nutrirán a la Iglesia de la reforma tridentina, de los eclesiásticos que precisa en su labor regeneradora. Iglesia y Estado, binomio indisoluble sustentado por los colegios de la Universidad de Salamanca

African Women in Trafficking Situation: Diversities, resistances and opportunities

En este texto nos aproximamos a las mujeres africanas que se encuentran en una posible situación de trata con fines de explotación sexual. Nos proponemos analizar la complejidad de la trata de seres humanos (TSH), su fuerte vinculación con las políticas migratorias, y la relación simplificadora que a menudo se establece entre este fenómenos y la prostitución. Cuestionamos la utilización de la categoría "victima de trata" al considerarla una etiqueta estigmatizadora que niega la capacidad de toma de decisiones de estas mujeres, y un papel activo en la dirección de sus propias vidas. Por último, reflexionaremos sobre los problemas a los que estas migrantes se enfrentan, y cómo todos estos factores inciden en el modo en las instituciones públicas y privadas atienden sus necesidades. Visibilizamos a las mujeres africanas en situación de trata como sujetos de derecho frente a los discursos políticos y las prácticas asistenciales dominantes en la intervención social. Revisamos el rol de los agentes de intervención y resaltamos la necesidad del protagonismo de las propias mujeres durante estos procesos.In this text we approach African women who are in a possible situation of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. We propose to analyze the complexity of trafficking in human beings (TSH), its strong link with immigration policies, and the simplifying relationship that is often established between this phenomenon and prostitution. We question the use of the category "victim of trafficking" when considering it a stigmatizing label that denies the decision-making capacity of these women, and an active role in directing their own lives. Finally, we will reflect on the problems that these migrants face, and how all these factors affect the way in which public and private institutions attend to their needs. We make African women in trafficking visible as subjects of law in the face of the dominant political discourses and welfare practices in social intervention. We review the role of intervention agents and highlight the need for the role of women themselves during these processes.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Evaluación de la eficacia de tratamientos químicos alternativos para el control del Pulgón Verde de los cereales

p.31-34El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de tratamientos alternativos, con distintos insecticidas para controlar «pulgón verde de los cereales» (Schizaphis graminum, Rondani), en trigo, cultivar Pincem. Los pulgones fueron criados en laboratorio en plantas de cebada cervecera y posteriormente en invernáculo se realizó la infestación artificial -2 pulgones/planta-cuando las plantas de trigo tenían 2 hojas. Se realizaron los siguientes tratamientos: I) Testigo sin tratar, II) CARBOSULFAN (P 25 por ciento), terápico para tratamiento de semillas, 500 gp.f. - 100 kg de semillas, III) DIMETOATO A (CE 37.6 por ciento), 100 cc p.f.-ha, IV) DIMETOATO B (CE 40 por ciento), 125 cc p.f.-ha, V) PIRIMICARB (GM 50por ciento), 100 g p.f.-ha. Las aplicaciones foliares se realizaron según UDE (2 pulgones-planta). Se evaluó porcentaje de eficacia mediante recuento en invernáculo de pulgones vivos en los distintos tratamientos. Se empleó un Diseño de Bloques Completamente Aleatorizados con 5 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones. El análisis de los resultados, (ANOVA y test de Tukey y LSD protegido), indicó que: Numeral Todos los tratamientos químicos alternativos presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al testigo. Numeral En los tratamientos foliares el porcentaje de eficacia obtenido fue del 100 por ciento, no habiendo diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos. Numeral El porcentaje de eficacia obtenido en el tratamiento de semillas fue estadísticamente menor que en los tratamientos foliares

Concepciones de profesores mexicanos sobre el uso de tecnología digital en la clase de matemáticas en primaria

Integrar tecnologías digitales (TD) como parte de los procesos de construcción de conocimiento matemático, requiere de una forma particular de mediación del maestro. Desde nuestra posición, tal mediación depende del conocimiento del docente (Aguilar et al., 2013) y de diversos factores que influyen en la integración de TD, y se expresa en los usos que el profesor hace de ésta en el aula: reemplazo, amplificador o transformador (Hughes, 2005). En este reporte presentamos los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo es estudiar los conocimientos a los que recurren profesores de primaria y los usos que hacen de las TD al enseñar matemáticas. Reportamos lo que 100 profesores mexicanos de cuatro estados expresaron sobre el uso de tecnología en sus clases. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y cerradas, entre las que se incluyen situaciones hipotéticas de uso de tecnología en el aula de matemáticas. Los resultados develan que los usos que hacen de las TD, coinciden con el tipo de actualización recibida ya que muchos cursos están enfocados en aspectos tecnológicos, matemáticos o didácticos, sin que se establezcan vínculos entre ellos

Efectos psicológicos asociados al confinamiento por COVID-19 en la población infantil y sus padres de los Centros Escolares José Pantoja Hijo La Unión y señora Rosa Hirlemann de García Prieto San Miguel

RESUMEN: Durante el confinamiento, muchos padres intentan compaginar el teletrabajo con el cuidado de los hijos y la supervisión en tareas académicas. El confinamiento aboca a niños vulnerables de entornos no estructurados a no tener otro contacto social más allá de su familia, aumentando la posibilidad de abuso infantil y negligencia en el cuidado. La crisis por el coronavirus COVID-19 ha supuesto una importante incertidumbre económica en muchos hogares, debido a la destrucción de empleo que ha ocasionado, especialmente en los colectivos sociales más vulnerables. La pobreza se asocia con una peor salud mental de los y las niñas que la padecen, más problemas emocionales y mayores alteraciones de conducta. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos psicológicos asociados al confinamiento por COVID-19 en la población infantil y sus padres del Centro Escolar José Pantoja Hijo, La Unión y Centro Escolar Señora Rosa Hirlemann de García Prieto, San Miguel en el periodo de enero a noviembre de 2022. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación transversal con un total de 245 personas, de los centros escolares José Pantoja Hijo y Sra. Rosa Hirlemann de García Prieto, con 163 de población infantil y 82 padres que cumplieron los respectivos criterios de inclusión de la investigación, comprendido en el periodo de enero a septiembre del 2022, realizada la investigación por medio de un cuestionario dirigido a la población con un total de 29 preguntas. Resultados: A partir de los resultados sí se aprueba la hipótesis que los efectos psicológicos a nivel emocional, cognitivo y conductuales están asociados al confinamiento por COVID-19, es decir que el confinamiento provocó cambios. Conclusiones: El confinamiento por COVID-19 si tuvo un gran impacto en muchos aspectos tanto de la población infantil como de sus padres, alterando estilos de vidas e incluso dejando secuelas. ABSTRACT: During confinement, many parents try to combine teleworking with childcare and supervision of academic tasks. The lockdown leaves vulnerable children from informal settings with no other social contact beyond their family, increasing the possibility of child abuse and neglect of care. The crisis caused by the coronavirus COVID-19 has caused significant economic uncertainty in many households, due to the destruction of employment that it has caused, especially in the most vulnerable social groups. Poverty is associated with the worse mental health of the girls and boys who suffer from it, more emotional problems, and more behavioral disorders. Objective: To determine the psychological effects associated with confinement by COVID-19 in the child population and their parents of the José Pantoja Jr. School Center, La Unión and the Señora Rosa Hirlemann School Center in García Prieto, San Miguel in the period from January to November 2022. Methodology: A cross-sectional investigation was carried out with a total of 245 people, from the José Pantoja Hijo and Mrs. Rosa Hirlemann de García Prieto schools, with 163 children and 82 parents who met the respective inclusion criteria of the investigation. included in the period from January to September 2022, the research was carried out through a questionnaire addressed to the population with a total of 29 questions. Results: Based on the results, the hypothesis that the psychological effects at an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level are associated with confinement by COVID-19 is approved, that is, that confinement caused changes. Conclusions: The confinement by COVID-19 did have a great impact on many aspects of both the child population and their parents, altering lifestyles and even leaving sequela

Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in raw and cooked seafood from European market: Concentrations and human exposure levels

Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals of emerging concern that can accumulate in seafood sold in markets. These compounds may represent a risk to consumers through effects on the human reproductive system, metabolic disorders, pathogenesis of breast cancer or development of microbial resistance. Measuring their levels in highly consumed seafood is important to assess the potential risks to human health. Besides, the effect of cooking on contaminant levels is relevant to investigate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to study the presence and levels of PhACs and EDCs in commercially available seafood in the European Union market, to investigate the effect of cooking on contaminant levels, and to evaluate the dietary exposure of humans to these compounds through seafood consumption. A sampling survey of seafood from 11 European countries was undertaken. Twelve highly consumed seafood types were analysed raw and cooked with 3 analytical methods (65 samples, 195 analysis). PhACs were mostly not detectable or below quantification limits in seafood whereas EDCs were a recurrent group of contaminants quantified in the majority of the samples. Besides, cooking by steaming significantly increased their levels in seafood from 2 to 46-fold increase. Based on occurrence and levels, bisphenol A, methylparaben and triclosan were selected for performing a human exposure assessment and health risk characterisation through seafood consumption. The results indicate that the Spanish population has the highest exposure to the selected EDCs through seafood consumption, although the exposure via seafood remained below the current toxicological reference values.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

The use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a Conceptual Framework to Understand and Promote Health Recommendations During the First Wave of Covid-19 in Mexico City

In this study, we apply the Theory of Planned Behavior to understand the factors that explained adherence to health recommendations during the first wave of Covid-19 in Mexico City. To do this, we designed and implemented an online survey on prevention measures. In addition, we generate an empirical correlate of the Theory of Planned Behavior to hypothesize about correlations between variables in the survey. In addition, we included four simple experiments in the survey. We found that norms, attitudes and perception of control are correlated with the planning and adoption of preventive actions. In the experiments we observe (1) that corruption reduces the credibility of the government with respect to the health crisis, (2) doctors are more persuasive about prevention, and (3) masks generate feelings of security. We conclude that the Theory of Planned Behavior is useful to make sense of data from surveys like ours. We encourage governments in developing countries to use methods like ours to collect and interpret data, even if provisional, to respond to future health crises

Kinetics of humoral immune response over 17 months of COVID-19 pandemic in a large cohort of healthcare workers in Spain : the ProHEpiC-19 study

Understanding the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical for efficient monitoring and control strategies. The ProHEpic-19 cohort provides a fine-grained description of the kinetics of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection with an exceptional resolution over 17 months. We established a cohort of 769 healthcare workers including healthy and infected with SARS-CoV-2 in northern Barcelona to determine the kinetics of the IgM against the nucleocapsid (N) and the IgG against the N and spike (S) of SARS-CoV-2 in infected healthcare workers. The study period was from 5 May 2020 to 11 November 2021.We used non-linear mixed models to investigate the kinetics of IgG and IgM measured at nine time points over 17 months from the date of diagnosis. The model included factors of time, gender, and disease severity (asymptomatic, mild-moderate, severe-critical) to assess their effects and their interactions. 474 of the 769 participants (61.6%) became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Significant effects of gender and disease severity were found for the levels of all three antibodies. Median IgM(N) levels were already below the positivity threshold in patients with asymptomatic and mild-moderate disease at day 270 after the diagnosis, while IgG(N and S) levels remained positive at least until days 450 and 270, respectively. Kinetic modelling showed a general rise in both IgM(N) and IgG(N) levels up to day 30, followed by a decay with a rate depending on disease severity. IgG(S) levels remained relatively constant from day 15 over time. IgM(N) and IgG(N, S) SARS-CoV-2 antibodies showed a heterogeneous kinetics over the 17 months. Only the IgG(S) showed a stable increase, and the levels and the kinetics of antibodies varied according to disease severity. The kinetics of IgM and IgG observed over a year also varied by clinical spectrum can be very useful for public health policies around vaccination criteria in adult population. Regional Ministry of Health of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Call COVID19-PoC SLT16_04; NCT04885478). The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07696-6

Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability

[EN] Background. The NDI, COM and NPQ are evaluation instruments for disability due to NP. There was no Spanish version of NDI or COM for which psychometric characteristics were known. The objectives of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index Questionnaire (NDI), and the Core Outcome Measure (COM), to validate its use in Spanish speaking patients with non-specific neck pain (NP), and to compare their psychometric characteristics with those of the Spanish version of the Northwick Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). Methods. Translation/re-translation of the English versions of the NDI and the COM was done blindly and independently by a multidisciplinary team. The study was done in 9 primary care Centers and 12 specialty services from 9 regions in Spain, with 221 acute, subacute and chronic patients who visited their physician for NP: 54 in the pilot phase and 167 in the validation phase. Neck pain (VAS), referred pain (VAS), disability (NDI, COM and NPQ), catastrophizing (CSQ) and quality of life (SF-12) were measured on their first visit and 14 days later. Patients' self-assessment was used as the external criterion for pain and disability. In the pilot phase, patients' understanding of each item in the NDI and COM was assessed, and on day 1 test-retest reliability was estimated by giving a second NDI and COM in which the name of the questionnaires and the order of the items had been changed. Results. Comprehensibility of NDI and COM were good. Minutes needed to fill out the questionnaires [median, (P25, P75)]: NDI. 4 (2.2, 10.0), COM: 2.1 (1.0, 4.9). Reliability: [ICC, (95%CI)]: NDI: 0.88 (0.80, 0.93). COM: 0.85 (0.75,0.91). Sensitivity to change: Effect size for patients having worsened, not changed and improved between days 1 and 15, according to the external criterion for disability: NDI: -0.24, 0.15, 0.66; NPQ: -0.14, 0.06, 0.67; COM: 0.05, 0.19, 0.92. Validity: Results of NDI, NPQ and COM were consistent with the external criterion for disability, whereas only those from NDI were consistent with the one for pain. Correlations with VAS, CSQ and SF-12 were similar for NDI and NPQ (absolute values between 0.36 and 0.50 on day 1, between 0.38 and 0.70 on day 15), and slightly lower for COM (between 0.36 and 0.48 on day 1, and between 0.33 and 0.61 on day 15). Correlation between NDI and NPQ: r = 0.84 on day 1, r = 0.91 on day 15. Correlation between COM and NPQ: r = 0.63 on day 1, r = 0.71 on day 15. Conclusion. Although most psychometric characteristics of NDI, NPQ and COM are similar, those from the latter one are worse and its use may lead to patients' evolution seeming more positive than it actually is. NDI seems to be the best instrument for measuring NP-related disability, since its results are the most consistent with patient's assessment of their own clinical status and evolution. It takes two more minutes to answer the NDI than to answer the COM, but it can be reliably filled out by the patient without assistanceS