Review of \u3ci\u3eThe Future of Indian and Federal Reserved Water Rights: The Winters Centennial\u3c/i\u3e edited by Barbara Cosens and Judith V. Royster.

As one who took an early interest in the water rights of American Indian tribes (American Indian Water Rights and the Limits of Law, 1991), I found this book a welcome opportunity to get current on an enduring yet ever-changing area of western water law. In reading it, I was impressed both by what it is and what it is not. What It Is. This is primarily a report on the proceedings of a conference that the American Indian Law Center and the University of New Mexico\u27s Utton Transboundary Resources Center convened on the centennial anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court\u27s history-making decision in Winters v. United States. In a stunning example of judge-made western federal natural resource management law, a century ago the high court reasoned that whenever the federal government set aside (reserved) lands in the public domain for some specific purpose (in this case, an American Indian reservation), it also by implication laid claim to however much unappropriated water was needed to fulfill the purposes for which the lands were reserved

The comparative jurisprudence of wildfire mitigation : moral community, political culture, and policy learning

The cultural and societal diversity in the jurisprudence of living dangerously reflects equally diverse views on the deeper question of law’s moral purpose. What duty of care does (or does not) a community owe to those at the greatest risk of harm to their homes and persons? And is there also a right to be left alone—to assume all the risks and all the responsibilities for one’s own well-being, neither helped nor hindered by the community of which one is a part?This article reports comparative research being done on two states in the U.S. that have used the law to answer these morally freighted questions in very different ways, with specific regard to land use regulation in forested areas where wildfires have taken many lives and destroyed billions of dollars in residential property. It also suggests how this same analytic framework might be applied to transnational research in other legal cultures also endangered by catastrophic wildfires, such as Australia and Spain. La diversidad cultural y social en la jurisprudencia de los lugares en los que se vive bajo un peligro refleja equitativamente diferentes opiniones sobre el propósito moral de la ley, un tema más profundo. ¿Qué obligación tiene (o no) una comunidad de ofrecer atención a aquellos individuos en mayor riesgo de sufrir daños sobre sus hogares o personas? ¿Y existe también el derecho a que cada uno asuma todos los riesgos y todas las responsabilidades sobre su propio bienestar, sin que le ayude, o le moleste, la comunidad de la que forma parte?Este artículo presenta una investigación comparativa desarrollada en dos estados de EE.UU. que han utilizado la ley de manera muy diferente, para responder a estas preguntas de gran carga moral, con especial referencia a la regulación del uso de la tierra en zonas donde los incendios forestales han causado muchas víctimas personales además de pérdidas de millones de dólares en propiedades residenciales. También sugiere que este mismo marco analítico podría aplicarse a la investigación transnacional en otras culturas jurídicas también amenazadas por los incendios, como Australia y España

Weed seedbank management and the infuence of seed predators

Non-Peer ReviewedIncreasing herbicide resistance has led weed scientists to focus on managing the weed seedbank. Indeed, seedbank management is critical and should be a priority for annual weeds. Post-emergence weed control should be seen as a rescue treatment and not as a first line of defence. But which weeds do we prioritize and what tactics can we use to manage the seedbank? This talk will shed light on weed species of priority for seedbank management, criteria to implement for managing the seedbank, and novel methods of seedbank management with a major emphasis on seed predators. Regardless of how producers try to manage weed seed shed, seeds will fall to the ground and thus we must develop ways to manage these seeds. Seed predators represent a major opportunity to help exhaust weed seeds from the seedbank

Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional factors in chronic pain : a systematic review

An emerging technique in chronic pain research is MRI, which has led to the understanding that chronic pain patients display brain structure and function alterations. Many of these altered brain regions and networks are not just involved in pain processing, but also in other sensory and particularly cognitive tasks. Therefore, the next step is to investigate the relation between brain alterations and pain related cognitive and emotional factors. This review aims at providing an overview of the existing literature on this subject. Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for original research reports. Twenty eight eligible papers were included, with information on the association of brain alterations with pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Methodological quality of eligible papers was checked by two independent researchers. Evidence on the direction of these associations is inconclusive. Pain catastrophizing is related to brain areas involved in pain processing, attention to pain, emotion and motor activity, and to reduced top-down pain inhibition. In contrast to pain catastrophizing, evidence on anxiety and depressive symptoms shows no clear association with brain characteristics. However, all included cognitive or emotional factors showed significant associations with resting state fMRI data, providing that even at rest the brain reserves a certain activity for these pain-related factors. Brain changes associated with illness perceptions, pain attention, attitudes and beliefs seem to receive less attention in literature. Significance: This review shows that maladaptive cognitive and emotional factors are associated with several brain regions involved in chronic pain. Targeting these factors in these patients might normalize specific brain alterations

Symptom burden in patients with chronic kidney disease not requiring renal replacement therapy

Background: Although evidence shows that patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a high symptom burden which impacts on quality of life (QoL), less is known about patients with earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to explore symptom burden and potential contributing factors in patients with CKD Stage 1-5 not requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Methods: Patients with CKD Stage 1-5 and not on RRT were asked to report their symptoms using the Leicester Uraemic Symptom Score (LUSS), a questionnaire which assesses the frequency and intrusiveness of 11 symptoms commonly reported by kidney patients. Results: Symptoms were assessed in 283 CKD Stage 1-5 patients: 54% male, mean age 60.5 standard error± 1.0, mean eGFR 38ml/min/1.73m2. Some 96% (95% confidence interval 93.2-98.0) of participants reported experiencing at least one symptom, the median reported being six. Excessive tiredness (81%;76.0-85.6), sleep disturbance (70%;64.3-75.3) and pain in bones/joints (69%;63.4-74.6) were reported most commonly. Overall, few significant associations were found between biochemical markers of disease severity and symptom burden. Men tended to report fewer symptoms than women and South Asian patients often described experiencing symptoms with a greater severity. Older patients found musculoskeletal symptoms more intrusive whereas younger patients found reduced concentration more intrusive. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with CKD stages 1-5 experience a multitude of symptoms that could potentially impact QoL. Using multidimensional tools like the LUSS, more exploration and focus could provide a greater opportunity for patient focussed symptom control from the earliest stages of CKD.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio