«Partout être là», une lecture de L’Amant

Mas allá de las apariencias engañosas de una novela autobiográfica, L’Amant, aquella historia de transgresión e incesto, nos sumerge en el universo de Tótem y tabú. En esa familia sin padre ni referencia, las fronteras entre les seres o los sexos se borran como los papeles de padre, hermano, madre, hijo. La fuerza de ese libro mitológico es mantenernos fuera de todo criterio de lo verdadero y lo falso, arruinar todas las contradicciones, hundíendonos en la noche de los orígenes

Les Choses, un devenir-roman des Mythologies ?

« Mon vrai maître, c’est Roland Barthes » (EC, t. II, p. 328). Ces mots de Georges Perec datent de novembre 1981, quatre mois avant sa mort. La formule saisit d’autant plus que Roland Barthes semble alors loin des préoccupations de Perec. La Vie mode d’emploi (1978), pourtant riche en allusions et en clins d’œil, apparemment l’ignore.La réponse à cet étonnement, on l’aura en relisant la conférence que le tout jeune auteur prononce à Warwick en 1967. « Quand j’ai écrit Les Choses, je me suis ..

Les Choses, un devenir-roman des Mythologies ?

« Mon vrai maître, c’est Roland Barthes » (EC, t. II, p. 328). Ces mots de Georges Perec datent de novembre 1981, quatre mois avant sa mort. La formule saisit d’autant plus que Roland Barthes semble alors loin des préoccupations de Perec. La Vie mode d’emploi (1978), pourtant riche en allusions et en clins d’œil, apparemment l’ignore. La réponse à cet étonnement, on l’aura en relisant la conférence que le tout jeune auteur prononce à Warwick en 1967. « Quand j’ai écrit Les Choses, je me suis ..

Genome mapping of a LYST mutation in corn snakes indicates that vertebrate chromatophore vesicles are lysosome-related organelles.

Reptiles exhibit a spectacular diversity of skin colors and patterns brought about by the interactions among three chromatophore types: black melanophores with melanin-packed melanosomes, red and yellow xanthophores with pteridine- and/or carotenoid-containing vesicles, and iridophores filled with light-reflecting platelets generating structural colors. Whereas the melanosome, the only color-producing endosome in mammals and birds, has been documented as a lysosome-related organelle, the maturation paths of xanthosomes and iridosomes are unknown. Here, we first use 10x Genomics linked-reads and optical mapping to assemble and annotate a nearly chromosome-quality genome of the corn snake Pantherophis guttatus The assembly is 1.71 Gb long, with an N50 of 16.8 Mb and L50 of 24. Second, we perform mapping-by-sequencing analyses and identify a 3.9-Mb genomic interval where the lavender variant resides. The lavender color morph in corn snakes is characterized by gray, rather than red, blotches on a pink, instead of orange, background. Third, our sequencing analyses reveal a single nucleotide polymorphism introducing a premature stop codon in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST) that shortens the corresponding protein by 603 amino acids and removes evolutionary-conserved domains. Fourth, we use light and transmission electron microscopy comparative analyses of wild type versus lavender corn snakes and show that the color-producing endosomes of all chromatophores are substantially affected in the LYST mutant. Our work provides evidence characterizing xanthosomes in xanthophores and iridosomes in iridophores as lysosome-related organelles

Human Endogenous Retrovirus and Neuroinflammation in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy.

Human endogenous retroviruses HERV-W encode a pro-inflammatory protein, named MSRV-Env from its original identification in Multiple Sclerosis. Though not detected in various neurological controls, MSRV-Env was found in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (CIDPs). This study investigated the expression of MSRV in CIDP and evaluated relevant MSRV-Env pathogenic effects. 50 CIDP patients, 19 other neurological controls (ONDs) and 65 healthy blood donors (HBDs) were recruited from two different countries. MSRV-env and -pol transcripts, IL6 and CXCL10 levels were quantified from blood samples. MSRV-Env immunohistology was performed in distal sensory nerves from CIDP and neurological controls biopsies. MSRV-Env pathogenic effects and mode of action were assayed in cultured primary human Schwann cells (HSCs). In both cohorts, MSRV-env and -pol transcripts, IL6 positivity prevalence and CXCL10 levels were significantly elevated in CIDP patients when compared to HBDs and ONDs (statistically significant in all comparisons). MSRV-Env protein was detected in Schwann cells in 5/7 CIDP biopsies. HSC exposed to or transfected with MSRV-env presented a strong increase of IL6 and CXCL10 transcripts and protein secretion. These pathogenic effects on HSC were inhibited by GNbAC1, a highly specific and neutralizing humanized monoclonal antibody targeting MSRV-Env. The present study showed that MSRV-Env may trigger the release of critical immune mediators proposed as instrumental factors involved in the pathophysiology of CIDP. Significant MSRV-Env expression was detected in a significant proportion of patients with CIDP, in which it may play a role according to its presently observed effects on Schwann cells along with previously known effects on immune cells. Experimental results also suggest that a biomarker-driven therapeutic strategy targeting this protein with a neutralizing antibody such as GNbAC1 may offer new perspectives for treating CIDP patients with positive detection of MSRV-Env expression. Geneuro-Innovation, France

Bibliothèques et arts vivants

Qu’elles se fassent partenaires du spectacle vivant, viviers documentaires, musées ou théâtres de fêtes éphémères, lieux de ressources ou de résidences, espaces de rencontres entre public et artistes, de nombreuses bibliothèques favorisent le lien entre la mémoire et la création artistique. Établissements patrimoniaux, centres de documentation, bibliothèques municipales et universitaires inspirent les compagnies, accompagnent les chercheurs et accueillent comédiens, danseurs, marionnettistes … Tandis qu’en Europe les collections d’arts du spectacle sont le plus souvent confiées aux institutions muséales, l’entrée de ces fonds dans les bibliothèques françaises amène à s’interroger sur leur politique de conservation et de médiation auprès des publics. La place accordée aux arts vivants dans les bibliothèques soulève en retour deux questions : le défi que constitue pour les artistes une représentation dans ces espaces spécifiques, et l’objectif que poursuivent les bibliothèques en accueillant des spectacles dans leurs murs. À l’occasion de cette journée d’étude, c’est précisément dans le cadre historique et convivial du Théâtre National Populaire que l’enssib a souhaité exploré le sens et la légitimité de cette rencontre entre deux univers a priori distincts. Les organisateurs : Pauline Chougnet, Florence Codet, Françoise Fontaine-Martinelli, Gaëlle Guechgache, Marie-Eugénie Lecouffe, Yann Lévénez, Marine Rigead

Molecular characteristics of Human Endogenous Retrovirus type-W in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.: HERV-W in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

International audienceEpidemiological and genome-wide association studies of severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), suggest complex interactions between multiple genetic elements and environmental factors. The involvement of genetic elements such as Human Endogenous Retroviruses type 'W' family (HERV-W) has consistently been associated with SZ. HERV-W envelope gene (env) is activated by environmental factors and encodes a protein displaying inflammation and neurotoxicity. The present study addressed the molecular characteristics of HERV-W env in SZ and BD. Hundred and thirty-six patients, 91 with BD, 45 with SZ and 73 healthy controls (HC) were included. HERV-W env transcription was found to be elevated in BD (P<10-4) and in SZ (P=0.012) as compared with HC, but with higher values in BD than in SZ group (P<0.01). The corresponding DNA copy number was paradoxically lower in the genome of patients with BD (P=0.0016) or SZ (P<0.0003) than in HC. Differences in nucleotide sequence of HERV-W env were found between patients with SZ and BD as compared with HC, as well as between SZ and BD. The molecular characteristics of HERV-W env also differ from what was observed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and may represent distinct features of the genome of patients with BD and SZ. The seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii yielded low but significant association with HERV-W transcriptional level in a subgroup of BD and SZ, suggesting a potential role in particular patients. A global hypothesis of mechanisms inducing such major psychoses is discussed, placing HERV-W at the crossroads between environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Thus, particular infections would act as activators of HERV-W elements in earliest life, resulting in the production of an HERV-W envelope protein, which then stimulates pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic cascades. This hypothesis needs to be further explored as it may yield major changes in our understanding and treatment of severe psychotic disorders