From Industrial Site to University Campus. Sümerbank Kayseri Textile Factory

Even though Turkish Modernization in the 20th century was explained as a political revolution, it dealt much more with the transformation of space and social identity. As a result, the Turkish State built several industrial sites in Anatolian cities to strengthen their urban and social development

Cumhuriyet sonrası Kayseri'de modernleşme: Mekansal ve toplumsal değişim

Modernization experience after the foundation of Turkish Republic could be comprehended as a shifting process on spatial and social identity, rather than a political re-construction. It was aimed to renovate whole life styles and figures by Republican revolutions. Modernization process and modernity phenomenon, which were linked with the ideology of the French and Industrial (English) Revolutions, motivated these social and political reformations. As a result of these, renovation of the political order by modernization also affected spatial and social identity. There were three different effects on space. First of all, identifying homeland by sustaining territories of national state after The Turkish Independence War with its reasons and results; secondarily, re-construction -in other words urbanization- of the Anatolian cities: and reformations on the housing form, its usage and construction. Particularly, urbanization and housing were the main issues of that period. Modern' life-style was desired by illustrations and articles on contemporary houses and their usage for creating a change on daily habits, like dressing or writing-reading attitudes. Besides these, private enterprises were supported for establishing factories for industrialization and economic development. However, by the effects of the 1930 World Economic Crisis, modernization approach were updated due to sustaining its reconstructions, and Turkish-State integrated its reforms on social life and  spatial order with industrialization, and construct factories which embodied residences, schools, markets, sportive and cultural spaces. It could be said that State affected the modernization process of the cities with their inhabitants. The residences and social spaces classified and identified the social culture and architectural context by its spatial renovations. The establishments trained their laborers and their families and defined them with their abilities in a contemporary aspect. According to this approach, Kayseri was the one of the significant cities of Turkey, which this state-based industrialization process has been firstly exercised: In 1926, Tayyare (Plane) Factory, as the first establishment of the Turkish heavy industry, and in 1935, Sümerbank Textile Factory, as the first state based industrial organization, were founded in the city. Furthermore, a Sugar Factory was established in 1955 by cooperation of municipality and state. These factories introduced new approaches to housing and to daily life by including educational, sportive and cultural facilities. Their residences and the houses constructed by workers cooperatives led to a chance in the urban identity and motivated the urbanization of the city by the contrasts of the form and spatial order. This improvement could be evaluated as an urban and spatial reformation, which also affected daily life, habits and interactions. Therefore this study is intended to evaluate and criticize the modernization process after Turkish Republic and the sustainability of its 'modern' identity from comprehending the spatal and social change by examining the dwellings around these three industrial settlements in Kayseri and their social order. This study is aimed to analyze this shifting process in the urban life by spatially and socially. First of all, the avant-garde forms and spaces of these industrial establishments and their housing settlements are examined.  According to this survey, their urban and spatial orders are compared with traditional environment to clarify the effects on space and its construction. Although, their housing forms are not only observed as a spatial or cultural artifact, but their urban pattern characteristics and spatial qualities are also examined. Moreover, cultural and social activities are discussed as well as housing types and their usage, for evaluating the change on identity of the people and their relationships. In-depth interviews and their content analyses are used for evaluating the effects on housing, urban form and social order. It is focused on the spatial usage of the residences and cooperative housings with cultural, educational and sportive activities in the interviews, done with people, who lived- worked in these industry settlements and citizens from city that visit there severally. According to this approach, this study aims to criticize the effects of these three state-based industrial settlements in Kayseri and their housing settlements on the modernization process; spatial and social change of the city, through the modernization experience of early Turkish Republic. Keywords: Modernization, Kayseri, housing, urbanization, identity.Cumhuriyet sonrası modernleşme deneyiminin, siyasal olarak yeni bir yapılanma niteliği taşımasının ötesinde, mekânsal ve toplumsal kimliği etkileyen değişimler içerdiği söylenebilir. Yaşama alışkanlıklarının ve biçimin her alanında yenilenme içeren devrimler ile ‘modern’ kimliğin inşası hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, devletin değişim ve kalkınma hedeflerini bir araya getirerek kurduğu sanayi yerleşkeleri, Anadolu kentlerindeki mekânsal ortamın ve toplumsal yapının yenilenmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Kayseri, devletin -bu amaçla- ilk sanayi yatırımlarını gerçekleştirdiği kenttir. Ülkenin ilk ağır sanayi yatırımı olarak kurulan Tayyare (uçak) Fabrikası (1926), devlet merkezli yapılanmanın ilk örneği Sümerbank Bez Fabrikası (1935) ve Şeker Fabrikası (1955), yarattıkları iş olanakları ve barınmadan eğitime sundukları hizmetler ile kentleşme sürecini, konutun biçimi ile üretimini ve sosyal ortamı etkilemişlerdir. Özellikle lojmanlar ve çevrelerinde çalışanlarınca kurulan kooperatifler ile devam eden konutlar, ortaya çıkardıkları biçimsel ve kurgusal farklılık ile kentin gelişimine ve kimliğin değişimine yön vermiştir. Modernlik olgusunun birey merkezli tartışmaları, içerdiği farklılık arayışı ve ortaya çıkardığı kriz hali ile devletin sanayi yatırımlarını kurarken ve işletirken ortaya koyduğu yöntem arasındaki çelişki, Türkiye Modernleşmesi’nin kendine has bir deneyim olarak kavranmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu bakışla çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilanı sonrası modernleşme deneyimine bağlı olarak, Kayseri’de devlet tarafından kurulmuş bu üç işletme ve çevrelerinde gelişen konut yerleşimlerinin, kentteki modernleşme sürecine, mekânsal ve toplumsal değişime etkilerinin incelemesi amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Modernleşme, Kayseri, konut, kentleşme, kimlik

Evolution of Production Spaces: A Historical Review for Projecting Smart Factories

Factories are transforming not only mechanically and technologically but also architecturally due to emerging developments in the industry and fabrication: This new process, called the Second Machine Age or Industry 4.0, a new model is designed in production by providing the human-machine partnership over a virtual network. It is aimed that the machines used in production and the people participating in different stages of production can work in different spaces. In time, jobs that require human power will be replaced by robots, and a new order is being considered where there will be no people in production spaces, and they can work in the virtual environment. Production for human beings is mostly from material production to digital production; labour will turn into digital labour. For this reason, it is thought that production spaces will turn into smart factories with only machines and production robots and no workers. And now the question is: what is a smart factory? The revolutions in the industry history started with the invention of the steam engine; then, new technological revolutions were experienced with the use of electricity in production, the development of automation systems and internet-based systems. While technology and production tools are constantly changing, these developments also affect production spaces. Factories are also transforming to keep up with these rapid and continuous physical and fictional innovations. This study focuses on the architectural evolution of factories by following the technological revolutions of the industry. It examines the main criteria in the process of change and transformation of factories and spatial reflections of the revolutions. It establishes a relationship between production technology and the needs of the production spaces and seeks references from past samples. The study aims to review the historical background for generating a projection to new production spaces and to be a new discussion for future factories

installing Modern life style with architecture

Peer Reviewe

Modernization And Housing; Spatial And Social Change In Kayseri By Industrial Enterprises Of Turkish Republic

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008Cumhuriyet sonrası modernleşme deneyiminin, siyasal olarak yeni bir yapılanma niteliği taşımasının ötesinde, mekansal ve toplumsal kimliği etkileyen değişimler içerdiği söylenebilir. Yaşama alışkanlıklarının ve biçimin her alanında yenilenme içeren devrimler ile ‘modern’ kimliğin inşası hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, devletin değişim ve kalkınma hedeflerini bir araya getirerek kurduğu sanayi yerleşkeleri, Anadolu kentlerindeki mekansal ortamın ve toplumsal yapının yenilenmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Kayseri, devletin -bu amaçla- ilk sanayi yatırımlarını gerçekleştirdiği kenttir. Ülkenin ilk ağır sanayi yatırımı olarak kurulan Tayyare (uçak) Fabrikası (1926), devlet merkezli yapılanmanın ilk örneği Sümerbank Bez Fabrikası (1935) ve Şeker Fabrikası (1955), yarattıkları iş olanakları ve barınmadan eğitime sundukları hizmetler ile kentleşme sürecini, konutun biçimi ile üretimini ve sosyal ortamı etkilemişlerdir. Özellikle lojmanları ve çevrelerinde çalışanlarınca kurulan kooperatifler ile devam eden konutlar, ortaya çıkardıkları biçimsel ve kurgusal farklılık ile kentin gelişimine ve kimliğin değişimine yön vermiştir. Modernlik olgusunun birey merkezli tartışmaları, içerdiği farklılık arayışı ve ortaya çıkardığı kriz hali ile devletin sanayi yatırımlarını kurarken ve işletirken ortaya koyduğu yöntem arasındaki çelişki, Türkiye Modernleşmesi’nin kendine has bir deneyim olarak kavranmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu bakışla çalışma, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilanı sonrası modernleşme deneyimine bağlı olarak, Kayseri’de devlet tarafından kurulmuş bu üç işletme ve çevrelerinde gelişen konut yerleşimlerinin, kentteki modernleşme sürecine; mekansal ve toplumsal değişime etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.Modernization experience after the founding of Turkish Republic could be comprehended as a shifting process on spatial and social identity, rather than a political re-construction. It was aimed to renovate whole life styles and stereo types by revolutions. Thus, the identity of space, urban form and social order were modified by the industrial settlements in Anatolian cities, founded under the ideology based on creating transformation and providing the development. Kayseri is the city in which the State initialized the industrialization by abovementioned aim. Tayyare (Plane) Factory (1926) -as the first establishment of the Turkish heavy industry-, Sümerbank Textile Factory (1935) -as the first state-based industrial organization-, and Sugar Factory (1955) affected the social order, urbanization process and the construction of the space. These factories introduced new approaches to housing and to daily life by including educational, sportive and cultural facilities. Especially their residences and the houses constructed by workers cooperatives led to a chance in the urban identity and motivated the urbanization of the city by the contrasts of the form and spatial order. Turkish modernization could be comprehended as unique experiment due to the contradictions between the individual based discourses of modernity phenomenon and the fact that industrialization of the early republic was state-based. According to this approach, this study aims to criticize the effects of these three industrial settlements, established in Kayseri by state, and their housing settlements on the modernization process; spatial and social change of the city, through the modernization experience of early Turkish Republic.DoktoraPh

Smart Factories: New Production Spaces in Digital Transition

Digital developments have affected humanity in industry and many areas in recent years. The new revolution, defined as Industry 4.0, is planned to ensure remote and digital machine–human collab- oration for a new working life. Thanks to internet technologies, communication can be achieved in a digital network with the machines and robots used in production and the employees who manage and supervise them. In this new order, the possibility of people participating in the system remotely, leaving physical production to robots, and using smart production systems leads to factories turn- ing into smart factories. While smart factories require a digital environment between humans and machines, they also bring humans and machines together for different functions. As a result of the digital revolution, the transformation of factories into smart factories and inno- vations in the production space initiates a new discussion in industrial architecture. This study focuses on the spatial effects of the smart production model of the new factory revolution. The re- search aims to understand how digital production processes in smart factories change factory de- signs. For this reason, smart factory definitions were first researched in the literature, and future factory propositions were examined. Then, in this context, smart production spaces designed and built to produce new technologies since the day the new revolution was introduced were analysed. This study aims to present a projection for new production spaces with the morphological analyses performed. As a result, this study will form the basis for future studies as an architectural criticism of the transition process