An Extension Theorem for Conditionally Additive Functions and Its Application for the Equality Problem of Quasi-Arithmetic Expressions

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Local–Global Minimum Property in Unconstrained Minimization Problems

The main goal of this paper is to prove some new results and extend some earlier ones about functions, which possess the so called local-global minimum property. In the last section, we show an application of these in the theory of calculus of variations

Random means generated by random variables: expectation and limit theorems

We introduce the notion of a random mean generated by a random variable and give a construction of its expected value. We derive some sufficient conditions under which strong law of large numbers and some limit theorems hold for random means generated by the elements of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables.Comment: 25 page

Limit theorems for Bajraktarevi\'c and Cauchy quotient means of independent identically distributed random variables

We derive strong law of large numbers and central limit theorems for Bajraktarevi\'c, Gini and exponential- (also called Beta-type) and logarithmic Cauchy quotient means of independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables. The exponential- and logarithmic Cauchy quotient means of a sequence of i.i.d. random variables behave asymptotically normal with the usual square root scaling just like the geometric means of the given random variables. Somewhat surprisingly, the multiplicative Cauchy quotient means of i.i.d. random variables behave asymptotically in a rather different way: in order to get a non-trivial normal limit distribution a time dependent centering is needed.Comment: 25 page

IMPLEMENTASI SUPERVISI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS KARAKTER OLEH KEPALA SEKOLAH DI SDN 6 BUKIT TUNGGAL KOTA PALANGKA RAYA

Abstract: This study describes the implementation of the supervision of character-based learning by school principals in 6 Bukit Tunggal Public Elementary School Palangka Raya City. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study research design. This study refers to aspects of the implementation of the supervision of character-based learning by the principal that focuses on: 1) the strategy of implementing character-based learning supervision; and 2) supporting factors and obstacles in implementing character-based learning supervision. Data collection techniques using the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. From the results of the study, data were collected and analyzed using interactive patterns from Miles and Huberman (reduction, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions). The results showed that: (1) the strategy of implementing character-based learning supervision by school principals used individual methods which included personal conversations, class visits, classroom observations, and meetings with the teacher council. And (2) supporting factors and obstacles faced by school principals in implementing the supervision of character-based learning namely: (1) supporting factors such as: support from the relevant education office, support from parents of students who want their children to get quality learning. Whereas (2) the obstacle faced is that teachers are still found to avoid even afraid to be supervised, as well as the lack of understanding of teachers regarding the importance of supervision in improving and improving the learning process in the classroom. Keywords: Implementation, Learning Supervision, Character Abstrak: Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan implementasi supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter oleh kepala sekolah di SDN 6 Bukit Tunggal Kota Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini mengunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan penelitian studi kasus. Penelitian ini mengacu pada aspek implementasi supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter yang berfokus pada: 1) strategi implementasi supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter; serta 2) faktor pendukung dan kendala dalam implementasi supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian, data dikumpulkan dan di analisis dengan menggunakan pola interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman (reduksi, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) strategi implementasi supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter oleh kepala sekolah menggunakan metode bersifat individual yang meliputi percakapan pribadi, kunjungan kelas, observasi kelas, dan rapat dengan dewan guru. Serta (2) faktor pendukung dan kendala yang dihadapi oleh kepala sekolah dalam mengimplementasikan supervisi pembelajaran berbasis karakter yakni: (1) faktor pendukungnya seperti: adanya dukungan dari pihak dinas pendidikan terkait, dukungan dari orang tua siswa yang ingin anak-anaknya mendapatkan pembelajaran yang berkualitas. Sedangkan (2) kendala yang dihadapi ialah masih ditemukan guru yang menghindar bahkan takut untuk disupervisi, serta kurangnya pemahaman guru terkait pentingnya supervisi dalam memperbaiki dan meningkatkan proses pembelajaran di kelas. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Supervisi Pembelajaran, Karakter   References:   Berliani, T., & Wahyuni, R. (2017). Implementasi Supervisi oleh Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru. Jurnal Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 2(2): 124-135. Burhanuddin, S., Imron, A., Maisyaroh., & Ulfatin, N. (2007). Supervisi Pendidikan dan Pengajaran: Konsep, Pendekatan, dan Penerapan Pembinaan Profesional. Malang: Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Daryanto., & Rachmawati, T. (2015). Supervisi Pembelajaran.Yogyakarta: Gava Media. Emzir. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Analisa Data. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrapindo Persada. Gunawan, I. (2009). Sertifikasi Guru: Antara Harapan dan Kenyataan. Banjarmasin Pos, hlm. 6. Gunawan, I. (2015a). Mengembangkan Alternatif-alternatif Pendekatan dalam Pelaksanaan Supervisi Pengajaran. Manajemen Pendidikan, 24(6), 467-482. Gunawan, I. (2016). Manajemen Kelas. Malang: UM Press. Masaong. 2013. Supervisi Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Kapasitas Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Mulyasa, E. (2013). Manajemen dan Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah. Jakarta: Bumi Askara. Muslim. (2013). Supervisi Pendidikan Meningkatkan Kualitas Profesionalisme Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Purwanto, N. (2007). Administrasi dan Supervisi Pendidikan. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Sagala, S. (2009). Administrasi Pendidikan Kontemporer. Bandung: Alfabeta Sahertian, P. A. (2008). Konsep Dasar dan Teknik Supervisi Pendidikan dalam Rangka Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: PT. Asdi Mahasatya. Sutisna. (1989). Administrasi Pendidikan Dasar Teoritis untuk Praktek Profesional. Bandung: Angkasa Bandung. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.

Kompetencije školskih ravnatelja: Primjer Republike Hrvatske

In the Republic of Croatia, being the principal of an educational institution is no longer just a function but a profession. Since 2021, the obligations and rights of principals of educational institutions derive from legal regulations, while the competencies of principals have been determined by the standard of occupation and the standard of qualification. This paper, on the basis of the Qualification and Occupational Standard - Principal of an Educational Institution, which determined the competencies of school principals of educational institutions, sought to determine the level of competencies of principals acquired through formal teacher education. Formal teacher education implies the acquisition of competencies for work in educational institutions. These competencies are acquired in the Republic of Croatia through teaching courses in graduate university studies. The survey method was used on 200 participants, primary and secondary school principals in the Republic of Croatia, to assess the level of acquired competencies, i.e., knowledge and skills, during such education that are applicable in the duties of principals. The surveyed principals expressed satisfaction with the competencies acquired in formal teacher education, especially those competencies that refer to the organizational management of the educational process and cooperation with parents and the external environment. However, the research identified groups of competencies that principals assess as insufficient. The obtained results indicate the need to implement additional training programs for principals that would enable them to acquire knowledge and skills that they have not acquired through formal education, that are crucial for the management of an educational institution.U Republici Hrvatskoj biti ravnatelj/ica odgojno-obrazovne ustanove nije više samo funkcija nego i zanimanje. Obveze i prava ravnatelja/ica odgojno-obrazovnih ustanova proizlaze iz zakonske regulative, dok su kompetencije ravnatelja od 2020. određene standardom zanimanja i standardom kvalifikacije. Ovim se radom na temelju Standarda zanimanja i Standarda kvalifikacije ravnatelja/ica odgojno-obrazovnih ustanova kojima su određene kompetencije ravnatelja/ica odgojno-obrazovnih ustanova želio utvrditi stupanj ravnateljskih kompetencija stečenih formalnim nastavničkim obrazovanjem. Formalno nastavničko obrazovanje podrazumijeva stjecanje kompetencija za rad u odgojno-obrazovnim ustanovama. Te se kompetencije u Republici Hrvatskoj stječu u okviru nastavničkih smjerova sveučilišnih diplomskih studija. Istraživanjem se procjenjivala razina stečenih kompetencija odnosno znanja i vještina tijekom takvog obrazovanja, a koja je primjenjiva u poslovima ravnatelja, a provedeno je metodom ankete na uzorku od 200 ravnatelja/ica osnovnih i srednjih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj. Anketirani ravnatelji/ice iskazali su zadovoljstvo kompetencijama stečenim formalnim nastavničkim obrazovanjem posebice za poslove koji se odnose na organizacijsko upravljanje odgojno-obrazovnim procesom i suradnju s roditeljima i vanjskim okruženjem. Međutim, istraživanjem su uočene grupe kompetencija koje ravnatelji/ice ocjenjuju kao nedostatne, uz naglašenu potrebu za profesionalizacijom ravnateljske funkcije. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu provođenja dodatnih programa edukacija ravnatelja/ica koji bi im omogućili stjecanje znanja i vještina koja nisu stekli formalnim obrazovanjem, a ključna su za upravljanje odgojno-obrazovnom ustanovom