Palladium and copper-catalysed (C-C)-bond formation

Copper-Catalysed Conjugate Additions: Conjugate 1,4-additions of carbon nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated ketones are valuable C-C bond forming reactions that furthermore allow introduction of stereogenic centers.(1) Copper-catalysed reactions have been successfully employed in a variety of syntheses, for example for (-)-solavetivone(2) or prostaglandins.(3) Improvement of enantioselectivity through design of more effective ligands is thus highly desirable. The ligands depicted below were synthesised and tested, with excellent enantioselectivities on selected substrates. Muscone Synthesis: Musk odorants are a family of molecules possessing a very nice smell, of central importance for the fragrance industry. Application of the methodology developed for the copper-catalysed conjugate addition to the synthesis of (S)-muscone allowed the obtaining of product 90 in high yield and excellent enantiomeric purity. Multicomponent Heck-Allylic substitution Reaction: Synthetic methodology which allows for a rapid increase in molecular complexity is extremely valuable in organic chemistry, particularly if it generates more than one new carbon-carbon bond at a time, accommodates considerable functionality and is broad in scope. Design of a reaction sequence involving a Heck reaction followed by an allylic substitution allowed the obtaining of compound 141 depicted below

Magnetic Bearing Control System based on PI and PID Controllers

This paper describes the implementation of magnetic bearings and their active control system. The working principle of the special combined axial and radial magnetic bearings and their implementation is explained. The overall laboratory system consists of two magnetic bearings with their housings, the suspended shaft and control system with sensors and power electronics. Sensor electronics are used to measure the position of the shaft within a bearing and to determine the appropriate bearing current with outer position control loops and nested current control loops. The motor control board featuring the TMS320F28335 DSP and LDC1000 proximity sensors is used for control and power electronics. In order to implement the control system the X2C tool is used. This is an open source model based development and code generation tool embedded in the Scilab/Xcos environment. The sensor data acquisition time is optimized to increase the speed of the control system

Implementation of Inductive Proximity Sensors in Active Magnetic Bearings

Research on the implementation of inductive proximity sensors in active magnetic bearings is performed in this paper. LDC1000 digital sensors manufactured by Texas Instruments are used since they claim to provide precision measured in microns and simple acquisition of the output data. The Sensor chip is connected with the sensing coil which is placed inside the magnetic bearing, close to electromagnets. This newly developed system created a platform for research in signal quality and its resistance to electrical noise. The controller used in this application was Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP). Software for data acquisition from LDC1000 was written and implemented in DSP using Code Composer Studio development environment. Two different output data are acquired and processed: proximity data and frequency count. Graphs presented in this paper show different resistance to electrical noise. A conclusion derived from this research can be applied in an industry where electromagnetic noise exists, together with the need for precise distance measurement

Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated Intensive Care Patients: Does an Experience of Delirium Make a Difference

Objective Delirium is common in intensive care patients and is associated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes. We investigated the long-term risk of cognitive impairment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in intensive care patients with and without delirium. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in ICUs in two Australian university-affiliated hospitals. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years, mechanically ventilated for more than 24 hours and did not meet exclusion criteria. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit. Variables assessing cognitive function and PTSD symptoms were collected at ICU discharge, and both 6 and 12 following discharge: Mini Mental State Examination, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline (caregiver). Results 103 participants were included of which 36% developed delirium in ICU. Patients with delirium were sicker and had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay. After 12 months, 41/60 (68.3%) evaluable patients were cognitively impaired, with 11.6% displaying symptoms consistent with dementia. When evaluated by the patient’s caregiver, the patient’s cognitive function was found to be consistent with dementia in a larger proportion of patients (14/60, 23.3%). Delirium was associated with worse cognitive function at ICU discharge, but not with long-term cognitive function. IES-R scores, measuring PTSD symptoms, were significantly higher in patients who had 14 delirium compared to patients without delirium. In regression analysis, delirium was independently associated with cognitive function at ICU discharge and PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions Intensive care survivors have significant rates of long-term cognitive decline and PTSD symptoms. Delirium in ICU was independently associated with short-term but not long-term cognitive function, and with long-term PTSD symptoms

Recent weakening in the winter ENSO teleconnection over the North Atlantic‑European region

New observational evidence for variability of the atmospheric response to wintertime El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is found. Using different approaches and datasets, a weakening in the recent ENSO teleconnection over the North Atlantic-European (NAE) region is demonstrated. Changes in both pattern and strength of the teleconnection indicate a turning point in the 1970s with a shift from a response resembling the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to an anomaly pattern orthogonal to NAO with very weak or statistically non-significant values; and to nearly non-existent teleconnection in the most recent decades. Results shows the importance of the background sea surface temperature (SST) state and sea-ice climatology having opposite effects in modulating the ENSO-NAE teleconnection. As indicated with targeted simulations, the recent change in the SST climatology in the Atlantic and Arctic has contributed to the weakening of the ENSO effect. The findings of this study can have implications on our understanding of modulations of ENSO teleconnections and ENSO as a source of predictability in the NAE sector.publishedVersio

Očerk istorii jazykoznanija v Rossii. T. I (XIII v.-1825 g.)

Centra tjažesti va zadumannoma (...) trudě va storone priloženija, vo mnogo raza prevzošedšago svoima obaemoma knižku Del'brjuka, dopolneniema kotoroj ono imělo služit'. Eta neožidannaja metamorfoza prinudila redaktora opredelit' otnošenie ego sobstvennoj raboty ka trudu znamenitago germanskago jazykověda obratno tomu, kaka eto pervično predpolagalos', t. e. sdělat' ego "Vvedenie va izučenie jazyka" takže i vvedeiiema va istoriju russkago jazykoznanija. In kyrillischer Schrift, russ. </P

Independent Living in Europe and Beyond:Past, Present, and Future (Special Issue Editorial)

This article introduces this special issue of the International Journal of Disability and Social Justice focusing on Independent Living, understood both as a social movement and an analytic paradigm. The aim of the special issue is to mark the 50th anniversary of the first Centre for Independent Living, as well as the tenth occurrence of the Freedom Drive, a biennial advocacy event organised by the European Network on Independent Living (ENIL). We first explain the significance of these two initiatives, tracing their history and rationale in terms of disabled people’s struggle for self-determination. We then discuss the meaning of Independent Living and associated definitional struggles. In the main part of the article, we explore the relations between Independent Living and the state, the market, and the family. This helps us to understand Independent Living as critique of professional power, self-sufficiency, and parental authority. The practical implications of these critiques are explored by looking at current struggles for deinstitutionalisation and personal assistance. We conclude by presenting the pillars of Independent Living and their consideration in the contributions to this special issue

Cognitive and psychosocial outcomes of mechanically ventilated intensive care patients with and without delirium

Abstract Objective Delirium is common in intensive care patients and is associated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes. We investigated the long-term risk of cognitive impairment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in intensive care patients with and without delirium. Methods This is a prospective cohort study in ICUs in two Australian university-affiliated hospitals. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years, mechanically ventilated for more than 24 h and did not meet exclusion criteria. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit. Variables assessing cognitive function and PTSD symptoms were collected at ICU discharge, after 6 and 12 months: Mini-Mental State Examination, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline (caregiver). Results 103 participants were included of which 36% developed delirium in ICU. Patients with delirium were sicker and had longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay. After 12 months, 41/60 (68.3%) evaluable patients were cognitively impaired, with 11.6% representing the presence of symptoms consistent with dementia. When evaluated by the patient’s caregiver, the patient’s cognitive function was found to be severely impaired in a larger proportion of patients (14/60, 23.3%). Delirium was associated with worse cognitive function at ICU discharge, but not with long-term cognitive function. IES-R scores, measuring PTSD symptoms, were significantly higher in patients who had delirium compared to patients without delirium. In regression analysis, delirium was independently associated with cognitive function at ICU discharge and PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions Intensive care survivors have significant rates of long-term cognitive decline and PTSD symptoms. Delirium in ICU was independently associated with short-term but not long-term cognitive function, and with long-term PTSD symptoms. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616001116415, 15/8/2016 retrospectively registered, https://www.anzctr.org.a

Importance of late fall ENSO teleconnection in the Euro-Atlantic sector

Recent studies have indicated the importance of fall climate forcings and teleconnections in influencing the climate of the northern mid-to-high latitudes. Here, we present some exploratory analyses using observational data and seasonal hindcasts, with the aim of highlighting the potential of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a driver of climate variability during boreal late fall/early winter (November/December) in the North Atlantic-European sector and motivating further research on this relatively unexplored topic. The atmospheric ENSO teleconnection in November/December is reminiscent of the East Atlantic pattern and distinct from the well-known arching extratropical Rossby wavetrain found from January to March. Temperature and precipitation over Europe in November are positively correlated with the Niño3.4 index, which suggests a potentially important ENSO climate impact during late fall. In particular, the ENSO-related temperature anomaly extends over a much larger area than during the subsequent winter mont