Aanlandingsplicht

De EC heeft verschillende voorstellen gedaan met betrekking tot de vervorming van het Gemeenschappelijk Visserij Beleid. Een van de voorstellen is om vanaf 2014 voor verschillende vissoorten de verplichting tot het aanlanden van alle vangsten in te voeren, ook wel discard ban genoemd. Het ministerie maakt zich zorgen over de gevolgen die dit voorstel kan hebben voor de Nederlandse visserij en heeft IMARES en het LEI gevraagd om extra informatie over discardsvangsten. In dit werkdocument is ingegaan op de hoeveelheid gevangen discards (het deel van de vangst, dat, dood of levend, weer overboord wordt gegooid) per metier en de fluctuatie van de vangst van discards door het jaar heen. De studie is een feitelijke opsomming van de discardsgegevens die bij IMARES bekend zijn. Verder zal de overlevingskans van de gevangen discards centraal staan in dit document. Het ministerie wilde ook graag meer inzicht in de overleving van discards. Een aanlandingsplicht ligt minder voor de hand voor soorten met een hoge overlevingskans. Een literatuurstudie is uitgevoerd die geresulteerd heeft in een korte eerste inventarisatie van de Nederlandse en internationale literatuur over onderzoek naar de overleving van discards. Als laatste is er onderzoek gedaan naar de economische gevolgen in de platvissector voor een discard ban voor alle soorten vergeleken met een discard ban voor alleen de doelsoorten. Er is in deze studie onderscheid gemaakt tussen een discardban voor alle soorten en een discard ban voor de soorten genoemd in het voorstel van de EC

Poliovirus-specific memory immunity in seronegative elderly people does not protect against virus excretion.

BACKGROUND: Dutch people born between 1925 and 1945 were ineligible for vaccination with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) introduced in 1957 and may have escaped natural infection because of reduced poliovirus circulation. We examined whether people with low or undetectable antibody levels are susceptible to infection and whether memory immunity provides protection against virus excretion. METHODS: A total of 429 elderly participants were challenged with monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (type 1 or 3) and followed for 8 weeks. Immune responses and virus excretion were compared for 4 groups, defined on the basis of seronegativity for poliovirus type 1 or 3, natural immunity, and IPV-induced immunity. RESULTS: On the basis of the rapidity of the antibody response and the absence of immunoglobulin M, we saw clear evidence of memory immune responses in 33% of the participants without detectable antibodies against poliovirus type 1 and in 5% of the participants without detectable antibodies against poliovirus type 3. Fecal virus-excretion patterns were not significantly different for seronegative participants, regardless of whether they showed evidence of memory immunity. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid antibody responses after challenge with oral polio vaccine provide evidence for poliovirus-specific memory immunity in seronegative elderly people. However, in contrast to preexisting immunity, memory immunity does not protect against virus excretion. These results have important implications for the poliomyelitis-eradication initiative, in particular for future immunization policies after eradication has been achieved

Equilibrium partitioning and isotopic fractionation of nitrogen between biotite, plagioclase, and K-feldspar during magmatic differentiation

Funding: UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R012253/1, NE/V010824/1, NE/P012167/1)A significant portion of the continental crust is composed of plutonic igneous rocks. However, little is known about the geochemical behaviour of N between the different minerals during magmatic differentiation. To provide new constraints for the behaviour of N during crust formation, we have characterised the geochemistry of nitrogen (N) in the compositionally zoned calc-alkaline pluton at Loch Doon, SW Scotland. We present N concentration and N isotope values for whole-rock data alongside biotite, plagioclase and K-feldspar mineral separates and assess the degree to which these data preserve equilibrium partitioning during magmatic differentiation. We show that whole rock likely inherited its N contents and δ15N signatures from the initial source composition and that this signature is homogenous at a pluton scale. Whilst the whole-rock data are best explained as crust-derived N in the source, the degree of homogenisation across a pluton scale is inconsistent with empirical N diffusivities, ruling out syn-emplacement crustal assimilation as the source of N. Instead, our data suggest a crustal signature inherited from depth associated with the Iapetus subduction zone. At a mineral scale, we find that N preferentially partitions into the feldspars over mica in this system in the order K-feldspar > plagioclase ≈ biotite > quartz, with average mineral-mineral distribution coefficients of DNplagioclase-biotite = 1.3 ± 0.6 and DNKspar-biotite = 2.8 ± 0.6. Partitioning is accompanied by a large and near constant equilibrium isotope fractionation factor between biotite and both feldspars (averages are Δ15NPlag-Biotite = +7.8 ± 1.2 ‰ and Δ15NKspar-Biotite = +7.9 ± 1.0 ‰), whereas Δ15NKspar-Plagioclase closely approximates 0 ‰, where both minerals show δ15N overlapping with the bulk rock δ15N values. These results show that mica crystallisation generates in a large negative Δ15N resulting a 15N-depleted reservoir within plutonic rocks. Moreover, our dataset suggests that feldspars might be a more significant host of N in the igneous portion of Earth’s continental and oceanic crust than previous thought.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Neural responses for evaluating self and mother traits in adolescence depend on mother-adolescent relationships

An important task in adolescence is to achieve autonomy while preserving a positive relationship with parents. Previous fMRI studies showed largely overlapping activation in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for evaluating self and close-other traits but separable activation for self and non-close other. Possibly, more similar mPFC activation reflects closeness or warmth in relationships. We investigated neural indicators of the mother-adolescent relationship in adolescents between 11 and 21years (N=143). Mother-adolescent relationship was measured using (i) mothers' and adolescents' trait evaluations about each other, (ii) observations of warmth, negativity and emotional support in mother-adolescent conversation and (iii) similarity in adolescents' neural activation for evaluating self vs mother traits. Results showed relatively more similar mPFC activation in adolescents who evaluated their mothers' traits more positively, suggesting that this is possibly a neural indicator of mother-adolescent relationship quality. Furthermore, mid-adolescence was characterized by more negative mother-adolescent interaction compared to early and late adolescence. This effect co-occurred with mid-adolescent peaks in dorsal striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal sulcus activation in evaluating traits of self vs mother. These results suggest more negative relationships and stronger self-focus in mid-adolescence.Pathways through Adolescenc

What explains the fall in child stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa?

There have been steep falls in rates of child stunting in much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using Demographic and Health Survey data, we document significant reductions in stunting in seven SSA countries in the period 2005–2014. For each country, we distinguish potential determinants that move in a direction consistent with having contributed to the reduction in stunting from those that do not. We then decompose the change in stunting and in proximal determinants into a part that can be explained by changes in distal determinants and a residual part that captures the impact of unmeasured factors, such as vertical nutrition programs. We show that increases in coverage of child immunization, deworming medication and maternal iron supplementation often coincide with a fall in stunting. The magnitudes and directions of changes in two other proximal determinants – age-appropriate feeding and diarrhea prevalence – suggest that these have not been strong contributors to the fall in stunting. Utilization of maternity care emerges from the decomposition analysis as the most important distal determinant associated with reduced stunting, and also with increased coverage of iron supplementation, and, to a lesser extent, with child immunization and deworming medication. This circumstantial evidence is strong enough to warrant more detailed investigation of the extent to which maternity care is an effective channel through which to target further attacks on the blight of undernourished children

Over de relatie tussen rekenmodellen de beleidscontext en de visserijpraktijk: LNV Bestek Ond/2002-1/6C/01 Verbetering rekenmodel voor visquota

LNV Bestek Ond/2002-1/6C/01 Verbeteringrekenmodel voor visquota beoogt de zekerstelling van de technische en politieke bruikbaarheid van het gekozen rekenmodel voor de bepaling van TACs en quota in het Gemeenschappelijk Visserij Beleid. Het tweejarig onderzoekprogramma (2002/2003) is geformuleerd naar aanleiding van een aantal kennisvragen bij de Directie Vis van LNV met betrekking tot de onderbouwing van aan het rekenmodel ten grondslag liggende aannames, effecten van onzekerheden in parameterschattingen, mogelijke verbeteringen en alternatieve beleidsopties. Hiertoe zijn de kennisvragen vertaald in een viertal onderzoeksvragen, waarover afzonderlijk gerapporteerd zal worden. Dit rapport (product 2) heeft betrekking op onderzoeksvraag 2, ‘Wat is de relatie tussen de rekenmodellen en de beleidscontext en visserijpraktijk en hoe worden zij wederzijds beïnvloed?’ en dient als achtergronddocument voor de meer specifieke vragen die in de overige deelonderzoeken aan de orde zullen komen

The Effect of Histopathological Growth Patterns of Colorectal Liver Metastases on the Survival Benefit of Adjuvant Hepatic Arterial Infusion Pump Chemotherapy

Background: Histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) are a prognostic biomarker in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Desmoplastic HGP (dHGP) is associated with liver-only recurrence and superior overall survival (OS), while non-dHGP is associated with multi-organ recurrence and inferior OS. This study investigated the predictive value of HGPs for adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy in CRLM. Methods: Patients undergoing resection of CRLM and perioperative systemic chemotherapy in two centers were included. Survival outcomes and the predictive value of HAIP versus no HAIP per HGP group were evaluated through Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression methods, respectively. Results:We included 1233 patients. In the dHGP group (n = 291, 24%), HAIP chemotherapy was administered in 75 patients (26%). In the non-dHGP group (n = 942, 76%), HAIP chemotherapy was administered in 247 patients (26%). dHGP was associated with improved overall survival (OS, HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.32–0.73, p &lt; 0.001). HAIP chemotherapy was associated with improved OS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.82, p &lt; 0.001). No interaction could be demonstrated between HGP and HAIP on OS (HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.72–2.32, p = 0.40).Conclusions: There is no evidence that HGPs of CRLM modify the survival benefit of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy in patients with resected CRLM.</p

Effecten voor de visserij bij de aanleg van windmolenparken binnen de 12 mijlszone

In 2020 moet 16% van de Nederlandse energievoorzieing duurzaam worden opgewekt. Windenergie op zee is een van de duurzame energiebronnen die Nederland gaat gebruiken om deze doelstelling te halen. Begin 2013 is besloten om een Haalbaarheidsstudie naar de (on)mogelijkheden van windenergie binnen de 12 mijlszone uit te voeren. In deze haalbaarheidsstudie worden de mogelijke effecten op de opbrengstwaarde voor de beroeps- en recreatieve visserij - indien windmolenparken worden aangelegd binnen vijf geselecteerde zoekgebieden - in kaart gebracht