Spin & Statistics in Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics, I

A necessary and sufficient condition for Pauli's spin-statistics relation is given for nonrelativistic anyons, bosons, and fermions in two and three spatial dimensions. For any point particle species in two spatial dimensions, denote by J the total (i.e., spin plus orbital) angular momentum of a single particle, and denote by j the total angular momentum of the corresponding two-particle system with respect to its center of mass. In three spatial dimensions, write J_z and j_z for the z-components of these vector operators. In two spatial dimensions, the spin statistics connection holds if and only if there exists a unitary operator U such that j=2UJU^*. In three dimensions, the analogous relation cannot hold as it stands, but restricting it to an appropriately chosen subspace of the state space yields a sufficient and necessary condition for the spin-statistics connection.Comment: 15 pages, revised and polished versio

Biochemical characterization of a multi-drug resistant HIV-1 subtype AG reverse transcriptase: antagonism of AZT discrimination and excision pathways and sensitivity to RNase H inhibitors

We analyzed a multi-drug resistant (MR) HIV-1 re- verse transcriptase (RT), subcloned from a patient- derived subtype CRF02 AG, harboring 45 amino acid exchanges, amongst them four thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) relevant for high-level AZT (azi- dothymidine) resistance by AZTMP excision (M41L, D67N, T215Y, K219E) as well as four substitutions of the AZTTP discrimination pathway (A62V, V75I, F116Y and Q151M). In addition, K65R, known to an- tagonize AZTMP excision in HIV-1 subtype B was present. Although MR-RT harbored the most signif- icant amino acid exchanges T215Y and Q151M of each pathway, it exclusively used AZTTP discrimi- nation, indicating that the two mechanisms are mu- tually exclusive and that the Q151M pathway is ob- viously preferred since it confers resistance to most nucleoside inhibitors. A derivative was created, ad- ditionally harboring the TAM K70R and the rever- sions M151Q as well as R65K since K65R antago- nizes excision. MR-R65K-K70R-M151Q was compe- tent of AZTMP excision, whereas other combinations thereof with only one or two exchanges still pro- moted discrimination. To tackle the multi-drug resis- tance problem, we tested if the MR-RTs could still be inhibited by RNase H inhibitors. All MR-RTs exhibited similar sensitivity toward RNase H inhibitors be- longing to different inhibitor classes, indicating the importance of developing RNase H inhibitors further as anti-HIV drugs

German-austrian recommendations for HIV1-therapy in pregnancy and in HIV1-exposed newborn - update 2008

German-Austrian recommendations for HIV1-therapy in pregnancy - Update 2008 Bernd Buchholz (University Medical Centre Mannheim, Pediatric Clinic), Matthias Beichert (Mannheim, Gynecology and Obstetrics Practice), Ulrich Marcus (Robert Koch Institute, Berlin), Thomas Grubert, Andrea Gingelmaier (Gynecology Clinic of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich), Dr. med. Annette Haberl (HIV-Department, J. W. Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt), Dr. med. Brigitte Schmied (Otto-Wagner Spital, Wien)

Measuring quality of life in opioid dependent people : a systematic review of assessment instruments

Purpose Opioid dependence is a chronic relapsing disorder. Despite increasing research on quality of life (QOL) in people with opioid dependence, little attention has been paid to the instruments used. This systematic review examines the suitability of QOL instruments for use in opioid-dependent populations and the instruments’ quality. Methods A systematic search was performed in the databases Medline, PsycInfo, The Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Articles were eligible if they assessed QOL of opioid-dependent populations using a validated QOL instrument. Item content relevance to opioid-dependent people was evaluated by means of content analysis, and instrument properties were assessed using minimum standards for patient-reported outcome measures. Results Eighty-nine articles were retrieved, yielding sixteen QOL instruments, of which ten were assessed in this review. Of the ten instruments, six were disease specific, but none for opioid dependence. Two instruments had good item content relevance. The conceptual and measurement model were described in seven instruments. Four instruments were developed with input from the respective target population. Eight instruments had low respondent and administrator burden. Psychometric properties were either not assessed in opioid-dependent populations or were inconclusive or moderate. Conclusions No instrument scored perfectly on both the content and properties. The limited suitability of instruments for opioid-dependent people hinders accurate and sensitive measurement of QOL in this population. Future research is in need of an opioid dependence-specific QOL instrument to measure the true impact of the disease on people’s lives and to evaluate treatment-related services

Spin, Statistics, and Reflections, II. Lorentz Invariance

The analysis of the relation between modular P$_1$CT-symmetry -- a consequence of the Unruh effect -- and Pauli's spin-statistics relation is continued. The result in the predecessor to this article is extended to the Lorentz symmetric situation. A model \G_L of the universal covering \widetilde{L_+^\uparrow}\cong SL(2,\complex) of the restricted Lorentz group $L_+^\uparrow$ is modelled as a reflection group at the classical level. Based on this picture, a representation of \G_L is constructed from pairs of modular P$_1$CT-conjugations, and this representation can easily be verified to satisfy the spin-statistics relation

The effect of olive fruit stoning on virgin olive oil aroma

Olive fruit stoning gives rise to an important modification in olive oil aroma. The level of this modification is a function of the cultivar. An increment in the content of six-carbon compounds (C6) was observed in olive oils obtained from the cultivars Verdial and Manzanilla, but not in the cultivar Picual. In the three cultivars under study, contents of five-carbon compounds (C5) and esters decreased as a consequence of fruit stoning. The modification of olive oil aroma composition in the cultivar Verdial caused by olive fruit stoning was observed to be due both to tissue wounding and to the absence of the olive seed during the crushing-malaxation process to obtain olive oil aroma. Both factors contribute independently to the content modification of C6, C5 compounds and esters in the olive oil aroma from stoned fruits.El deshuesado de la aceituna da lugar a una importante modificación del aroma del aceite de oliva virgen. La intensidad de esta modificación es característica de cada variedad. En los aceites obtenidos de aceitunas Verdial y Manzanilla se produce un incremento en el contenido de los compuestos de seis átomos de carbono (C6) que no se detecta en la variedad Picual. En las tres variedades estudiadas se observa un descenso del contenido de compuestos de cinco átomos de carbono (C5) así como del contenido en ésteres. En la variedad Verdial se ha comprobado que la modificación del aroma como consecuencia del deshuesado del fruto se debe tanto al daño tisular generado durante este proceso como a la ausencia de la semilla durante la molturación de la aceituna. Ambos factores contribuyen de forma independiente a la modificación del contenido de compuestos C6, C5 y ésteres en el aroma del aceite de oliva virgen procedente de aceituna deshuesada.El trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación AGL2002-02307 del Programa Nacional de Recursos y Tecnologías Agroalimentarias.Peer reviewe

A New Approach to Spin and Statistics

We give an algebraic proof of the spin-statistics connection for the parabosonic and parafermionic quantum topological charges of a theory of local observables with a modular PCT-symmetry. The argument avoids the use of the spinor calculus and also works in 1+2 dimensions. It is expected to be a progress towards a general spin-statistics theorem including also (1+2)-dimensional theories with braid group statistics.Comment: LATEX, 15 pages, no figure

Механизм самовозгорания угля

В работе проведено моделирование процесса зарождения очага эндогенного пожара и намечены пути мобильного определение вероятности его возникновения или наличия. Механизм самовозгорания учитывает процессы тепловыделения при нагревании угля, выделения летучих продуктов, трещинообразование и изменение режима доступа кислорода в очаг реакции в ходе его эволюции. Проведено математическое моделирование процесса самовозгорания угля трех марок угля - антрацит, коксующийся, жирный, проведен расчет динамики температурных полей на поверхности очага самовозгорания, определены критические условия. Для мобильного определения вероятности возникновения или наличия эндогенного пожара предложено использовать беспилотные летательные аппараты.In this work simulation of spontaneous combustion of coal of three grades - anthracite, coking coal, fat in case of lack of oxygen supply and calculation of dynamics of the temperature fields on the surface was made, critical conditions of the hearth of spontaneous combustion were estimated. The mechanism takes into account the processes of heat release, the release of volatile products, cracking and changes in the mode of access of oxygen to the reaction center during its evolution