Social identity mediates the positive effect of globalization on individual cooperation: Results from international experiments

Globalization is defined for individuals as their connectivity in global networks. Social identity is conceptualized as attachment and identification with a group. We measure individual involvement with global networks and local, national, and global social identity through a questionnaire. Propensity to cooperate is measured in experiments involving local and global others. Firstly, we analyze possible determinants of global social identity. Overall, attachment to global identity is significantly lower than national and local identity, but there is a significant positive correlation between global social identity and an index of individual global connectivity. Secondly, we find a significant mediating effect of global social identity between individual global connectivity and propensity to cooperate at the global level. This is consistent with a cosmopolitan hypothesis of how participation in global networks reshapes social identity: Increased participation in global networks increases global social identity and this in turn increases propensity to cooperate with others. We also show that this model receives more support than alternative models substituting either propensity to associate with others or general generosity for individual global connectivity. We further demonstrate that more globalized individuals do not reduce contributions to local accounts while increasing contributions to global accounts, but rather are overall more generous. Finally, we find that the effect of global social identity on cooperation is significantly stronger in countries at a relatively low stage of globalization, compared to more globalized countries

Police response to domestic violence: An experiment in adult cautioning.

The aim of the project was to find a more effective and efficient police response for dealing with domestic violence where there was minor injury to the victim. Background A number of research findings influenced the creation of a new policy. In North America some research suggested arrest acted as a deterrent and was essential as a first step in breaking the cycle of violence by offenders. Historically victims were reluctant to report these cases and when they did so they could well have suffered physical abuse up to 35 times before calling police. In this country police response was negative, officers disliked dealing with domestic violence which they often judged from a male moral view, and did not regard, or report it, as a crime. When crimes were reported official statistics rarely reflected the report rate. One of the reasons for this was the extensive use by police of 'no criming'. Even when cases appeared before a court many prosecutions were dropped and sentences, when imposed on offenders, were light. In the late 80's police in this country began to make greater use of adult cautions as a means of processing offenders. This was seen to be as effective as an appearance before a court so I considered the possibility of using this procedure as a means of processing minor injury domestic violence cases. The Policy At Streatham a positive policy, which promoted early intervention of offenders, was encouraged by me. Those arrested were dealt with as criminals, taken to the police station, their fingerprints and photographs taken and then, if a set criteria was met, police deferred the decision to prosecute or caution for two months. This period allowed police to make further enquiries about the circumstances of the assault and enabled time for the victim and offender to seek help, advice and guidance from other agencies. It was only after this process that a final decision was made about the outcome of the case. Evaluation The scheme was evaluated from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The arrest, prosecution, and 'no crime' rates were calculated. These were compared to a previous period and to another police area which did not operate a similar policy. The re-offending rates of those cautioned was checked and compared to those who were charged. Statistics for police injuries on duty were examined to ascertain if enforcement of policy had any adverse effect on the number of assaults on officers dealing with domestic incidents. Objective analysis was seen as vital so researchers, from outside the police service, interviewed offenders, victims and police officers to assess the impact of the policy. A questionnaire, which all officers were invited to complete, was anlaysed

Solving the discretised neutron diffusion equations using neural networks

This paper presents a new approach which uses the tools within artificial intelligence (AI) software libraries as an alternative way of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) that have been discretised using standard numerical methods. In particular, we describe how to represent numerical discretisations arising from the finite volume and finite element methods by pre-determining the weights of convolutional layers within a neural network. As the weights are defined by the discretisation scheme, no training of the network is required and the solutions obtained are identical (accounting for solver tolerances) to those obtained with standard codes often written in Fortran or C++. We also explain how to implement the Jacobi method and a multigrid solver using the functions available in AI libraries. For the latter, we use a U-Net architecture which is able to represent a sawtooth multigrid method. A benefit of using AI libraries in this way is that one can exploit their built-in technologies to enable the same code to run on different computer architectures (such as central processing units, graphics processing units or new-generation AI processors) without any modification. In this article, we apply the proposed approach to eigenvalue problems in reactor physics where neutron transport is described by diffusion theory. For a fuel assembly benchmark, we demonstrate that the solution obtained from our new approach is the same (accounting for solver tolerances) as that obtained from the same discretisation coded in a standard way using Fortran. We then proceed to solve a reactor core benchmark using the new approach. For both benchmarks we give timings for the neural network implementation run on a CPU and a GPU, and a serial Fortran code run on a CPU

Coordination in Distributed Agile Software Development: A Systematic Review

In order to decrease the consumer return transaction cost, e-commerce platform Alibaba invited an insurance company to develop a new type of insurance to compensate consumers for returns, which is called return-freight insurance. The new insurance has resulted in online return\u27s explosive growth. However, some online retailers still choose to offer complimentary return-freight insurance to signal their products\u27 quality. Using signaling theory, we build a conceptual economic model to explore what kind of online retailer should adopt this strategy under incomplete information. Based on the fact that each product\u27s return probability, profit, and insurance compensation are different, our main results show the separating equilibria, where only high-quality online retailers will offer complimentary return-freight insurance. Interestingly, return-freight insurance profit and compensation play different roles in the signal effect. The insurance premium plays a deep role while the compensation plays at the surface, because consumers could only observe the compensation when purchasing

Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) technology to an advanced subsonic transport project: Current and advanced act control system definition study. Volume 2: Appendices

The current status of the Active Controls Technology (ACT) for the advanced subsonic transport project is investigated through analysis of the systems technical data. Control systems technologies under examination include computerized reliability analysis, pitch axis fly by wire actuator, flaperon actuation system design trade study, control law synthesis and analysis, flutter mode control and gust load alleviation analysis, and implementation of alternative ACT systems. Extensive analysis of the computer techniques involved in each system is included

Polygenic threshold model with sex dimorphism in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: The Carter effect

Background: Idiopathic clubfoot is approximately twice as common in males than in females. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear butmay represent an inherent difference in the susceptibility to thedeformity. If this difference is due to genetic factors it is predicted that in order to inherit clubfoot, females need to have a greater number of susceptibility genes than males. Females would also be more likely to transmit the disease to their children and have siblings with clubfoot. This phenomenon is known as the Carter effect, and the presence of such an effect supports a multifactorial threshold model of inheritance. Methods: Ninety-seven multiplex families with more than one individual with idiopathic clubfoot were studied. The study included1093 individuals: 291with clubfoot and802unaffected relatives. Ratesof transmissionby the thirty-seven affected fathers and twenty-six affected mothers were calculated, and the prevalence among siblings was determined in the nuclear families of affected persons

Multi-modal assessment of neurovascular coupling during cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion using remote middle cerebral artery occlusion

Hyperacute changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion is an important determinant of injury. CBF is regulated by neurovascular coupling (NVC), and disruption of NVC contributes to brain plasticity and repair problems. However, it is unknown how NVC is affected hyperacutely during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We have developed a remote middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in the rat, which enables multi-modal assessment of NVC immediately prior to, during and immediately following reperfusion. Male Wistar rats were subjected to remote MCAO, where a long filament was advanced intraluminally through a guide cannula in the common carotid artery. Transcallosal stimulation evoked increases in blood flow, tissue oxygenation and neuronal activity, which were diminished by MCAO and partially restored during reperfusion. These evoked responses were not affected by administration of the thrombolytic alteplase at clinically used doses. Evoked CBF responses were fully restored at 24 hours post-MCAO indicating that neurovascular dysfunction was not sustained. These data show for the first time that the rat remote MCAO model coupled with transcallosal stimulation provides a novel method for continuous assessment of hyperacute NVC changes during ischemia and reperfusion, and offers unique insight into hyperacute ischemic pathophysiology

Временные рубежи крупных изверженных провинций России: предварительный обзор

This is an initial step toward a full-scale review paper and map of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) for Russia