41 research outputs found

    Nouvelles stratégies de synthÚse d'antagonistes de l'endothéline-1 et leurs caractérisations pharmacologiques in vitro et in vivo

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    Le BQ-123 et le BQ-788 sont des antagonistes puissants et sĂ©lectifs des rĂ©cepteurs ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] et ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] de l'endothĂ©line, respectivement. Dans le prĂ©sent ouvrage, nous avons d'abord Ă©laborĂ© des stratĂ©gies de synthĂšse efficace nous permettant d'accĂ©der Ă  ces deux types de peptides. Puis, nous les avons derivĂ©s directement avec le FITC ou indirectement Ă  l'aide d'un espaceur, afin de produire de nouveaux antagonistes fluorescents. Les antagonistes de rĂ©fĂ©rence ainsi que les nouvelles molĂ©cules d'intĂ©rĂȘts ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s physico-chimiquement et pharmacologiquement in vitro et in vivo. En utilisant une combinaison orthogonale de groupements protecteurs, nous avons pu synthĂ©tiser le BQ-123 ainsi qu'une nouvelle sĂ©rie d'analogues basĂ©e sur une mĂ©thodologie de cyclisation sur phase solide dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans nos laboratoires. Pour le BQ-788, une toute nouvelle synthĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e en misant sur un nouveau protocole permettant de coupler efficacement le tripeptide (Boc-Mle-D-Trp(1-COOMe)-D-Nle-ONBzl) et l'amine 2,6- cis -dimĂ©thylpiperidine dans un excellent rendement de 87%, ce qui nous a permis d'obtenir le BQ-788 en 7 Ă©tapes avec un rendement global de 53%. Tous les analogues synthĂ©tisĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s physico-chimiquement (RMN [indice supĂ©rieur 1] H, SM, CCM et HPLC). De plus, la caractĂ©risation pharmaco-dynamique de ces analogues a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e in vitro dans l'artĂšre carotide (A.C.L.) (une prĂ©paration riche en rĂ©cepteur ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] ) et dans l'artĂšre pulmonaire de lapin (A.P.L.) (riche en rĂ©cepteur ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] ) et enfin in vivo dans un modĂšle murin pour leur capacitĂ© Ă  diminuer l'augmentation de pression artĂ©rielle suite Ă  l'injection d'un agent presseur (ET-1 ou IRL 1620). Les nouvelles molĂ©cules fluorescentes et non-fluorescentes ont Ă©tĂ© systĂ©matiquement caractĂ©risĂ©es in vitro et comparĂ©es aux composĂ©s de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Le plus puissant antagoniste ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] de la sĂ©rie, le BDN-123NLF (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 7.10, r = 0.98), est un analogue fluorescent du BQ-123 (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 6.77, r = 0.99) qui n'est pas actif sur l'A.P.L. et qui n'a aucune activitĂ© agoniste. Le BDN-123NLF (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) est spĂ©cifique puisqu'il n'affecte pas l'Ă©lĂ©vation de pression artĂ©rielle induite par l'Ang II (0.05 nmol/kg i.v.). Le plus puissant et compĂ©titif de la nouvelle sĂ©rie ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] est le BDN-788N (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 7.07, r = 0.99). Le BDN-788NF (pA [indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 6.52, r = 0.98), son Ă©quivalent fluorescent, possĂšde une affinitĂ© apparente infĂ©rieure au BQ-788 (pA [indice infĂ©rieur2] = 8.24, r = 0.97). MalgrĂ© tout, il conserve ces propriĂ©tĂ©s de sĂ©lectivitĂ© et de spĂ©cificitĂ© tout comme le BDN-123NLF. Ces nouveaux antagonistes fluorescents pourraient s'avĂ©rer ĂȘtre de puissants outils pharmacologiques pour Ă©tudier le systĂšme endothĂ©linergique in situ

    Redirecting splicing with bifunctional oligonucleotides

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    Abstract: Ectopic modulators of alternative splicing are important tools to study the function of splice variants and for correcting mis-splicing events that cause human diseases. Such modulators can be bifunctional oligonucleotides made of an antisense portion that determines target specificity, and a nonhybridizing tail that recruits proteins or RNA/protein complexes that affect splice site selection (TOSS and TOES, respectively, for targeted oligonucleotide silencer of splicing and targeted oligonucleotide enhancer of splicing). The use of TOSS and TOES has been restricted to a handful of targets. To generalize the applicability and demonstrate the robustness of TOSS, we have tested this approach on more than 50 alternative splicing events. Moreover, we have developed an algorithm that can design active TOSS with a success rate of 80%. To produce bifunctional oligonucleotides capable of stimulating splicing, we built on the observation that binding sites for TDP-43 can stimulate splicing and improve U1 snRNP binding when inserted downstream from 50 splice sites. A TOES designed to recruit TDP-43 improved exon 7 inclusion in SMN2. Overall, our study shows that bifunctional oligonucleotides can redirect splicing on a variety of genes, justifying their inclusion in the molecular arsenal that aims to alter the production of splice variants

    Contributions of inflammation and tumor microenvironment to neurofibroma tumorigenesis

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    Neurofibromatosis type 1 associates with multiple neoplasms, and the Schwann cell tumor neurofibroma is the most prevalent. A hallmark feature of neurofibroma is mast cell infiltration, which is recruited by chemoattractant stem cell factor (SCF) and has been suggested to sustain neurofibroma tumorigenesis. In the present study, we use new, genetically engineered Scf mice to decipher the contributions of tumor-derived SCF and mast cells to neurofibroma development. We demonstrate that mast cell infiltration is dependent on SCF from tumor Schwann cells. However, removal of mast cells by depleting the main SCF source only slightly affects neurofibroma progression. Other inflammation signatures show that all neurofibromas are associated with high levels of macrophages regardless of Scf status. These findings suggest an active inflammation in neurofibromas and partly explain why mast cell removal alone is not sufficient to relieve tumor burden in this experimental neurofibroma model. Furthermore, we show that plexiform neurofibromas are highly associated with injury-prone spinal nerves that are close to flexible vertebras. In summary, our study details the role of inflammation in neurofibromagenesis. Our data indicate that prevention of inflammation and possibly also nerve injury at the observed tumor locations are therapeutic approaches for neurofibroma prophylaxis and that such treatment should be explored

    Consensus on exercise reporting template (Cert): Modified delphi study

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    © 2016 American Physical Therapy Association. Background. Exercise interventions are often incompletely described in reports of clinical trials, hampering evaluation of results and replication and implementation into practice. Objective. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized method for reporting exercise programs in clinical trials: the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT). Design and Methods. Using the EQUATOR Network’s methodological framework, 137 exercise experts were invited to participate in a Delphi consensus study. A list of 41 items was identified from a meta-epidemiologic study of 73 systematic reviews of exercise. For each item, participants indicated agreement on an 11-point rating scale. Consensus for item inclusion was defined a priori as greater than 70% agreement of respondents rating an item 7 or above. Three sequential rounds of anonymous online questionnaires and a Delphi workshop were used. Results. There were 57 (response rate=42%), 54 (response rate=95%), and 49 (response rate=91%) respondents to rounds 1 through 3, respectively, from 11 countries and a range of disciplines. In round 1, 2 items were excluded; 24 items reached consensus for inclusion (8 items accepted in original format), and 16 items were revised in response to participant suggestions. Of 14 items in round 2, 3 were excluded, 11 reached consensus for inclusion (4 items accepted in original format), and 7 were reworded. Sixteen items were included in round 3, and all items reached greater than 70% consensus for inclusion. Limitations. The views of included Delphi panelists may differ from those of experts who declined participation and may not fully represent the views of all exercise experts. Conclusions. The CERT, a 16-item checklist developed by an international panel of exercise experts, is designed to improve the reporting of exercise programs in all evaluative study designs and contains 7 categories: materials, provider, delivery, location, dosage, tailoring, and compliance. The CERT will encourage transparency, improve trial interpretation and replication, and facilitate implementation of effective exercise interventions into practice

    Detection, functional annotation and regulation of splicing isoforms in ovarian cancer

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    RĂ©sumĂ©: L’expression des gĂšnes modifiĂ©s contribue Ă  l’initiation et la progression du cancer. Malheureusement, les recherches actuelles s’attardent essentiellement Ă  l’expression globale des gĂšnes sans tenir compte des diffĂ©rentes isoformes des ARNm rĂ©sultant de l’épissage alternatif, codant potentiellement pour des protĂ©ines de fonctions diffĂ©rentes. En effet, la haute similitude et la complexitĂ© des isoformes ARNm rendent la discrimination des isoformes laborieuse, raisons pour lesquelles l’épissage alternatif est historiquement Ă©tudiĂ© gĂšne par gĂšne. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une mĂ©thodologie Ă  haut dĂ©bit pour la quantification des isoformes d’ARNm. BasĂ© sur cette technique, cette ThĂšse prĂ©sente une sĂ©rie d’évidences qui appuie l’hypoThĂšse selon laquelle certaines isoformes d’ARNm sont nĂ©cessaires Ă  la tumorigĂ©nĂšse. PrĂ©cĂ©demment, des Ă©tudes bioinformatiques Ă  grande Ă©chelle ainsi que des validations expĂ©rimentales Ă  petite Ă©chelle ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d’isoformes spĂ©cifiques Ă  certains types de cancers. Toutefois, ces conclusions ont Ă©tĂ© tirĂ©es Ă  partir de tumeurs dont le contenu cellulaire est hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. Or, il est bien connu que les niveaux des isoformes d’ARNm diffĂšrent largement en fonction du type cellulaire et il est possible que les diffĂ©rences observĂ©es dans des tumeurs entiĂšres soient des artĂ©facts rĂ©sultant de la complexitĂ© cellulaire des tissus comparĂ©s. En nous basant sur le cancer de l’ovaire comme modĂšle, nos prĂ©parations homogĂšnes de diffĂ©rents types cellulaires nous ont permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler la prĂ©sence d’isoformes associĂ©es au cancer indĂ©pendamment de l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des tumeurs. Étonnamment, les changements les plus intĂ©ressants ne se retrouvent pas dans les cellules cancĂ©reuses Ă  proprement dites, mais dans les cellules "normales" en bordure de la tumeur. Notre analyse des facteurs de rĂ©gulation de ces isoformes nous a permis d’affirmer que ces changements ne sont pas dĂ»s Ă  un dĂ©rĂšglement anarchique des cellules cancĂ©reuses, mais dĂ©coulent plutĂŽt d’un programme destinĂ© Ă  avantager les cellules cancĂ©reuses. Pour Ă©valuer la fonction des isoformes d’ARNm, nous avons gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ© des outils molĂ©culaires permettant de reprogrammer spĂ©cifiquement l’expression d’isoformes de gĂšnes cible dans des lignĂ©es cellulaires cancĂ©reuses. Ainsi, le criblage systĂ©matique d'isoformes d’ARNm de gĂšnes cibles associĂ©s au cancer a permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler leur caractĂšre pro-cancer dans des essais in vitro. L'ensemble de ces travaux dĂ©montrent la contribution des isoformes d’épissage dans le dĂ©veloppement des tumeurs solides. // Abstract: Cancer cells modify their gene expression pattern to promote tumor growth. Unfortunately, current research focuses almost exclusively on global gene expression changes, without taking into account the fact that the majority of genes produce multiple alternative splicing variants, which potentially code for proteins of different functions In fact, the main reason splicing isoforms are still studied on a gene by gene basis is because the high sequence similarity and complexity of mRNA isoforms make it very difficult to detect and quantify them. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a high-throughput methodology to accurately quantify splicing isoforms. This methodology has been applied in this thesis to generate evidence supporting a causal role for splicing isoforrns in the tumorigenesis of solid tumors. A few years ago, genome-wide bioinformatics predictions, and some experimental validations in human tissues, suggested the existence of cancer-specific splicing isoforms. However, these conclusions may be simply explained by the cellular heterogeneity of tumor. In fact, it is well established that alternative splicing is a cell type-specific process. To address this, we microdissected cancer tissues and demonstrated that some splicing isoforms are truly cancer-associated and independent of tumor cell type content. Surprisingly, the most interesting changes were found in the "normal" stromal cells surrounding the tumor and not within the cancer cells. Our analysis of splicing-factor expression changes using the same tissue set allowed us to confirm that these splicing shifts were not a random process, but rather part of a defined splicing program promoting tumor development. To evaluate the functional contribution of splicing isoforms, we developed molecular tools that modulate splicing of endogenous targets in cancer cell lines. We used these tools to decipher the pro-cancer properties of cancer-associated splicing isoforms using in vitro assays. Overall, this work demonstrated the contribution of splicing isoforms in solid tumor development

    Nouvelles stratégies de synthÚse d'antagonistes de l'endothéline-1 et leurs caractérisations pharmacologiques in vitro et in vivo

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    Le BQ-123 et le BQ-788 sont des antagonistes puissants et sĂ©lectifs des rĂ©cepteurs ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] et ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] de l'endothĂ©line, respectivement. Dans le prĂ©sent ouvrage, nous avons d'abord Ă©laborĂ© des stratĂ©gies de synthĂšse efficace nous permettant d'accĂ©der Ă  ces deux types de peptides. Puis, nous les avons derivĂ©s directement avec le FITC ou indirectement Ă  l'aide d'un espaceur, afin de produire de nouveaux antagonistes fluorescents. Les antagonistes de rĂ©fĂ©rence ainsi que les nouvelles molĂ©cules d'intĂ©rĂȘts ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s physico-chimiquement et pharmacologiquement in vitro et in vivo. En utilisant une combinaison orthogonale de groupements protecteurs, nous avons pu synthĂ©tiser le BQ-123 ainsi qu'une nouvelle sĂ©rie d'analogues basĂ©e sur une mĂ©thodologie de cyclisation sur phase solide dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans nos laboratoires. Pour le BQ-788, une toute nouvelle synthĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e en misant sur un nouveau protocole permettant de coupler efficacement le tripeptide (Boc-Mle-D-Trp(1-COOMe)-D-Nle-ONBzl) et l'amine 2,6- cis -dimĂ©thylpiperidine dans un excellent rendement de 87%, ce qui nous a permis d'obtenir le BQ-788 en 7 Ă©tapes avec un rendement global de 53%. Tous les analogues synthĂ©tisĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s physico-chimiquement (RMN [indice supĂ©rieur 1] H, SM, CCM et HPLC). De plus, la caractĂ©risation pharmaco-dynamique de ces analogues a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e in vitro dans l'artĂšre carotide (A.C.L.) (une prĂ©paration riche en rĂ©cepteur ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] ) et dans l'artĂšre pulmonaire de lapin (A.P.L.) (riche en rĂ©cepteur ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] ) et enfin in vivo dans un modĂšle murin pour leur capacitĂ© Ă  diminuer l'augmentation de pression artĂ©rielle suite Ă  l'injection d'un agent presseur (ET-1 ou IRL 1620). Les nouvelles molĂ©cules fluorescentes et non-fluorescentes ont Ă©tĂ© systĂ©matiquement caractĂ©risĂ©es in vitro et comparĂ©es aux composĂ©s de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Le plus puissant antagoniste ET[indice infĂ©rieur A] de la sĂ©rie, le BDN-123NLF (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 7.10, r = 0.98), est un analogue fluorescent du BQ-123 (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 6.77, r = 0.99) qui n'est pas actif sur l'A.P.L. et qui n'a aucune activitĂ© agoniste. Le BDN-123NLF (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) est spĂ©cifique puisqu'il n'affecte pas l'Ă©lĂ©vation de pression artĂ©rielle induite par l'Ang II (0.05 nmol/kg i.v.). Le plus puissant et compĂ©titif de la nouvelle sĂ©rie ET[indice infĂ©rieur B] est le BDN-788N (pA[indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 7.07, r = 0.99). Le BDN-788NF (pA [indice infĂ©rieur 2] = 6.52, r = 0.98), son Ă©quivalent fluorescent, possĂšde une affinitĂ© apparente infĂ©rieure au BQ-788 (pA [indice infĂ©rieur2] = 8.24, r = 0.97). MalgrĂ© tout, il conserve ces propriĂ©tĂ©s de sĂ©lectivitĂ© et de spĂ©cificitĂ© tout comme le BDN-123NLF. Ces nouveaux antagonistes fluorescents pourraient s'avĂ©rer ĂȘtre de puissants outils pharmacologiques pour Ă©tudier le systĂšme endothĂ©linergique in situ
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