161 research outputs found

    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons not declining in Arctic air despite global emission reduction

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    Two decades of atmospheric measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were conducted at three Arctic sites, i.e., Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; and Pallas, Finland. PAH concentrations decrease with increasing latitude in the order of Pallas>Zeppelin>Alert. Forest fire was identified as an important contributing source. Three representative PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were selected for the assessment of their long-term trends. Significant decline of these PAHs was not observed contradicting the expected decline due to PAH emission reductions. A global 3-D transport model was employed to simulate the concentrations of these three PAHs at the three sites. The model predicted that warming in the Arctic would cause the air concentrations of PHE and PYR to increase in the Arctic atmosphere, while that of BaP, which tends to be particle-bound, is less affected by temperature. The expected decline due to the reduction of global PAH emissions is offset by the increment of volatilization caused by warming. This work shows that this phenomenon may affect the environmental occurrence of other anthropogenic substances, such as, the more volatile flame retardants and pesticides

    MÀtningar av organiska föreningar i luft och deposition vid svenska vÀstkusten

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    MÀtningar av organiska föreningar i luft och deposition har genomförts pÄ Rörvik, en mÀtstation vid svenska vÀstkusten. Depositionen provtogs pÄ en 1 m2 stor teflonbelagd yta med avrinning för nederbörden, och för luftprovtagningen anvÀndes en högvolymsprovtagare, HVS, med vilken bÄde gas och partikelfas uppsamlades. De kolvÀten som analyserats Àr 'oljekolvÀte', PAH samt de klorerade föreningarna PCB, DDT, HCH och klordaner. I rapporten redovisas resultaten av mÀtningar som utförts under februari och maj 1990, och jÀmförs med tidigare erhÄllna mÀtdata frÄn 1988 och 1989. MÀtningarna visar att deposition av PAH och oljekolvÀte sker kontinuerligt men de största mÀngderna deponeras tillsammans med nederbörd och dÄ frÀmst vid episoder. Deposition av PAH föregÄs ofta av höga sothalter i luft. Analys av klorerade föreningar har endast utförts under 1990. De högsta lufthalterna av de klorerade föreningarna uppmÀttes under en torr och varm period i maj. De största mÀngderna av PCB och HCH deponerades under en period i maj dÄ rikligt med nederbörd förekom. För oljekolvÀte, PAH, och PCB var partikeldeposition med nederbörden av stor betydelse för depositionen, medan HCH löste sig i regnvattnet. NÀr det gÀller PCB var ocksÄ torrdepositionen av betydelse.MÀtningar av organiska föreningar i luft och deposition har genomförts pÄ Rörvik, en mÀtstation vid svenska vÀstkusten. Depositionen provtogs pÄ en 1 m2 stor teflonbelagd yta med avrinning för nederbörden, och för luftprovtagningen anvÀndes en högvolymsprovtagare, HVS, med vilken bÄde gas och partikelfas uppsamlades. De kolvÀten som analyserats Àr 'oljekolvÀte', PAH samt de klorerade föreningarna PCB, DDT, HCH och klordaner. I rapporten redovisas resultaten av mÀtningar som utförts under februari och maj 1990, och jÀmförs med tidigare erhÄllna mÀtdata frÄn 1988 och 1989. MÀtningarna visar att deposition av PAH och oljekolvÀte sker kontinuerligt men de största mÀngderna deponeras tillsammans med nederbörd och dÄ frÀmst vid episoder. Deposition av PAH föregÄs ofta av höga sothalter i luft. Analys av klorerade föreningar har endast utförts under 1990. De högsta lufthalterna av de klorerade föreningarna uppmÀttes under en torr och varm period i maj. De största mÀngderna av PCB och HCH deponerades under en period i maj dÄ rikligt med nederbörd förekom. För oljekolvÀte, PAH, och PCB var partikeldeposition med nederbörden av stor betydelse för depositionen, medan HCH löste sig i regnvattnet. NÀr det gÀller PCB var ocksÄ torrdepositionen av betydelse

    Persistant organic pollutants in Swedishmosses

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    On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL SwedishEnvironmental Research Institute led in 2015 a project aiming to examine theconcentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mosses.Samples of red-stemmed feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi) and glittering wood moss(Hylocomium splendens) were collected at 83 rural sampling sites. Of these, 20samples were analysed for the following groups: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organochlorine pesticides,polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), dioxinsand furans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs and perfluorinated alkylated substances(PFAS).The sampling sites were selected to cover the whole of Sweden, in both the north-southgradient and in the east-west gradient. The sites were also chosen to represent botheventually elevated concentrations as well as low concentrations of POPs. Informationon locations of industrial activities, population density and monitoring stations fororganic substances in air and precipitation (Swedish national monitoring programme)were also used for the selection of sampling sites.Generally, the concentrations of the analysed substances were very low, often close toor below the quantification limits for the analyses.Significant correlation was found between the concentrations of PAHs, dioxin/furansand dioxin like PCBs in the mosses and the distance to the closest industry, and also tothe distance from the southernmost point in Sweden. p,p-DDE concentrations inmosses showed a correlation to the distance from the southernmost point in Sweden,with the highest concentrations in the south. No correlation was found between theconcentrations of p,p-DDE (one of the DDTs) in mosses and distance to the closestindustry.The concentrations of PAHs in mosses collected at sites located in the vicinity of threeair monitoring stations (RÄö, Aspvreten and Pallas) were in agreement with theconcentrations of PAHs in air, with the highest concentrations in mosses and in airfound in the south and the lowest in the north. Comparison between the PAH profile inair and in mosses showed a higher percentage of heavier PAHs in the mosses. Thisindicates a larger proportion of particular bounded PAHs in mosses.HBCDD and PFAS were not detected in any of the analysed moss samples, which isconsistent with a similar study conducted in Norwa

    Persistant organic pollutants in Swedishmosses

    No full text
    On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL SwedishEnvironmental Research Institute led in 2015 a project aiming to examine theconcentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mosses.Samples of red-stemmed feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi) and glittering wood moss(Hylocomium splendens) were collected at 83 rural sampling sites. Of these, 20samples were analysed for the following groups: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organochlorine pesticides,polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), dioxinsand furans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs and perfluorinated alkylated substances(PFAS).The sampling sites were selected to cover the whole of Sweden, in both the north-southgradient and in the east-west gradient. The sites were also chosen to represent botheventually elevated concentrations as well as low concentrations of POPs. Informationon locations of industrial activities, population density and monitoring stations fororganic substances in air and precipitation (Swedish national monitoring programme)were also used for the selection of sampling sites.Generally, the concentrations of the analysed substances were very low, often close toor below the quantification limits for the analyses.Significant correlation was found between the concentrations of PAHs, dioxin/furansand dioxin like PCBs in the mosses and the distance to the closest industry, and also tothe distance from the southernmost point in Sweden. p,p-DDE concentrations inmosses showed a correlation to the distance from the southernmost point in Sweden,with the highest concentrations in the south. No correlation was found between theconcentrations of p,p-DDE (one of the DDTs) in mosses and distance to the closestindustry.The concentrations of PAHs in mosses collected at sites located in the vicinity of threeair monitoring stations (RÄö, Aspvreten and Pallas) were in agreement with theconcentrations of PAHs in air, with the highest concentrations in mosses and in airfound in the south and the lowest in the north. Comparison between the PAH profile inair and in mosses showed a higher percentage of heavier PAHs in the mosses. Thisindicates a larger proportion of particular bounded PAHs in mosses.HBCDD and PFAS were not detected in any of the analysed moss samples, which isconsistent with a similar study conducted in Norwa

    Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2010 : Subreport 2. Fluorescent Whitening Agents

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    A screening study has been performed concerning Fluorescent whitening agents (FWA). The term refers to a large group of chemicals used to increase the apparent whiteness of textiles and paper. The screening included five substances abbreviated DSPB, DAS1, FB28, FB85 and DAS2. The instrumental analytical method used (LC-MS-MS) is not based on the fluorescent properties of the compounds, thus FWAs other than the specific compounds analysed for was not detected. The sampling programme was focused on diffuse emissions from urban areas reflected in samples from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving waters. Samples from potential industrial sources (effluent from paper and pulp industries) were also included. Emission from products was illustrated by analysing toilet paper. The concentration range of summed FWAs was 20 - 24 ÎŒg/l in three WWTP influents, 0.43 - 5.1 ÎŒg/l in nine WWTP effluents and 56 000 – 160 000 ng/g DW in nine WWTP sludges. DAS2, FB28 and, in some effluents, DAS1 was the dominating individual compounds. DAS2 is associated to paper applications rather than textile/detergent applications. The highest measured concentrations in surface water for DSPB, DAS1 and DAS2 were more than 600 times lower than the calculated "predicted no-effect concentration" (PNEC). Even without dilution the highest measured concentration in WWTP effluent was more than 50 times lower than the calculated PNECs. Thus there should be no risk for aquatic organisms due to those substances. For the remaining substances PNECs were not available. Highest concentration in sediment, 7 200 ng/g DW, dominated by DAS1, was found near the discharge point of a WWTP. Further away, 1 km and 20 km from the effluent point, in the main direction of flow, concentrations were considerably lower, 69 and 150 ng/g DW. Sediments from Lake MĂ€laren showed summed concentrations of 92 – 900 ng/g DW. Relevant PNECs for evaluation of risks for sediment dwelling organisms were not available. There is a general increase in the relative concentration of DAS1 from WWTP effluent via surface water to sediment. In one out of seven effluents from paper and pulp industries the concentration was considerably higher (ten times) than in the highest WWTP effluent. Analysis of FWAs extracted from toilet paper manufactured from recycled fibres (two different brands) showed that this may be a major source for FWAs in WWTP influents. The contributionEn screeningundersökning har utförts angĂ„ende optiska vitmedel (OV). Optiska vitmedel Ă€r en stor grupp kemikalier som anvĂ€nds för att öka den upplevda vitheten hos textilier och papper. Studien omfattade fem substanser förkortade DSPB, DAS1, FB28, FB 85 och DAS2. Den anvĂ€nda analytiska slutbestĂ€mningsmetoden (LC-MS-MS) bygger inte pĂ„ föreningarnas fluorescensegenskaper. DĂ€rmed detekterades inte andra OV Ă€n de upprĂ€knade. Provtagningsprogrammet fokuserades pĂ„ diffusa emissioner frĂ„n urbana omrĂ„den genom analys av prover frĂ„n avloppsreningsverk (ARV) och deras recipienter. Prover frĂ„n industriella kĂ€llor (utgĂ„ende vatten frĂ„n skogsindustri) ingick ocksĂ„. Emissioner frĂ„n produkter representerades av analys av toalettpapper. Den summerade OV-koncentrationen var 20 - 24 ÎŒg/l i ingĂ„ende vatten till tre ARV, 0.43 - 5.1 ÎŒg/l i utgĂ„ende vatten frĂ„n nio ARV och 56 000 – 160 000 ng/g TS i slam frĂ„n nio ARV. De dominerande substanserna var DAS2, FB28 och, i nĂ„gra utgĂ„ende vatten, DAS1. DAS2 Ă€r förknippat med pappers- snarare Ă€n textilapplikationer. De högsta uppmĂ€tta koncentrationerna i ytvatten för DSPB, DAS1 och DAS2 var mer Ă€n 600 gĂ„nger lĂ€gre Ă€n berĂ€knade PNEC-vĂ€rden, d.v.s. koncentrationer dĂ€r inga effekter pĂ„ vattenmiljön av Ă€mnet kan förvĂ€ntas. Även utan utspĂ€dning var den högsta koncentrationen i utgĂ„ende avloppsvatten mer Ă€n 50 gĂ„nger lĂ€gre Ă€n PNEC. AlltsĂ„ bör dessa Ă€mnen inte utgöra en risk för vattenlevande organismer. För de övriga substanserna fanns inga PNEC-vĂ€rden att tillgĂ„. Högsta koncentrationen i sediment, 7 200 ng/g TS, dominerat av DAS1, uppmĂ€ttes nĂ€ra utslĂ€ppspunkten för ett avloppsreningsverk. PĂ„ lĂ€ngre avstĂ„nd, 1 km resp. 20 km i den huvudsakliga flödesriktningen var koncentrationen lĂ€gre, 69 – 150 ng/g TS. I sediment frĂ„n MĂ€laren var koncentrationen 92 – 900 ng/g TS. Relevanta PNEC-vĂ€rden för bedömning av risk för sedimentlevande organismer saknas. Man ser en generell ökning av den relativa koncentrationen av DAS1 frĂ„n utgĂ„ende avloppsvatten över ytvatten till sediment. I ett av sju utgĂ„ende vatten frĂ„n skogsindustrier var koncentrationen förhöjd (10 gĂ„nger) jĂ€mfört med det högsta vĂ€rdet frĂ„n ett kommunalt reningsverk. Analys av OV extraherat frĂ„n toalettpapper tillverkat av Ă„tervunna fibrer (tvĂ„ fabrikat) visade att detta kan vara en viktig kĂ€lla till OV-halten i ingĂ„ende vatten till reningsverk. Bidraget frĂ„n toalettpapper tillverkat av nya fibrer (ett fabrikat) var mer Ă€n hundra gĂ„nger lĂ€gre
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