Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants.<br /

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

On the spatial representativity of our oceanographic measurements

The oceanographic variables measured at and transmitted by the automatic stations are measured in principle at one point. The locations near the body of a lighthouse leeds to the question: "How far from the point are the values valid?" and "How do the variables vary in the surroundings of the station?" A straight-forward study was made. At several locations along a section out from the lighthouse temperature, salinity and currents were measured. The results from this study are presented

Oceanografiska stationsnät : Svenskt Vattenarkiv

Oceanografiska stationsnät. Svenskt Vattenarkiv

Spridningsundersökningar i yttre fjärden Piteå

Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut (SMHI) får i september 1984 i uppdrag av SCA, Piteå-Munksund att undersöka utspädnings- och spridningsförhållandena för avloppsvattnet från SCAs Munksundsindustri. Under åren 1981 och 1982 utförs strömundersökningar i Yttre fjärden, Piteå, för att med detta som underlag kunna simulera spridningen av avloppsvattnet från Munksundsindustrin (ref nr 8). En ändring av utsläppets läge görs i maj 1982 och ytterligare förändringar sker senare under året genom att länsor och strömbildare läggs ut, i syfte att föra avloppsvattnet i ett samlat stråk ut i Piteälvens strömfåra. SMHI rekommenderar, med ledning av strömundersökningarna 1981-82, att en avloppsledning skall dras ut centralt i fjärden med en utsläppsnivå ovan 6 meters djup, dvs ovan språngskiktet. Enligt beslut av Länsstyrelsen i Norrbotten i november 1983 (bilaga 1), skall SMHI, i enlighet med Länsstyrelsens anvisningar och på uppdrag av SCA, studera utspädnings- och spridningsförhållandena med hjälp av spårämne

Validation and correction of regionalised ERA-40 wind fields over the Baltic Sea using the Rossby Centre Atmosphere model RCA3.0

Surface wind fields from ERA-40 regionalised with the Rossby Centre Atmosphere model RCA3.0 are underestimated. In this report a method for correcting the wind fields is evaluated. The method is based on the empirical linear relationship between gusty winds and mean wind. For the validation observations from 26 automatic stations along the Swedish coasts have been used. We found that the validation of wind over the open sea is difficult due to the impact of land that cannot be resolved properly by the atmospheric model as the horizontal grid resolution amounts to about 25 km. In addition, long homogeneous wind data sets are not available due to a switch from manual to automatic readings during the 1990s. The results show that the correction method improves the frequency distribution of simulated wind speed at most stations. Thus the corrected wind fields may be used to force Baltic Sea models during 1961-2004. However, the suggested correction method should be regarded only as a temporary solution while waiting for improved boundary laye

Trends and extremes of wave fields in the north-eastern part of the Baltic Prope

The paper analyses one of the longest contemporarywave measurements in the northern Baltic Sea, performed at Almagrundet1978-2003. This record contains the roughest instrumentally measuredwave conditions (significant wave height = c. 7.8 m) in the northernBaltic Proper until December 2004. The data for the years 1979-95,the period for which the data are the most reliable, show a linearrising trend of 1.8% per annum in the average wave height. Theseasonal variation in wave activity follows the variation inwind speed. The monthly mean significant wave height varies from0.5 m in May-July to 1.3-1.4 m in December-January. No correctionshave been made in the analysis to compensate for missing values,for their uneven distribution, or for ice cover