Towards impact design for public services : to assess impact is to care is to design is to assess impact… In Teixeira

Texte issu d’une conférence : RSD8 – Eighth Symposium for Relating Systems Thinking and Design, tenue à Institute of Design, Chicago, Illinois du 17-19 octobre 201

Bilans hydrique et énergétique de surface simulés par deux générations du Modèle Régional Canadien du Climat sur les bassins-versants des fleuves Mississippi et Columbia

Cette étude a pour but de comparer et d'évaluer les bilans hydrique et énergétique de surface des versions opérationnelle et en développement du Modèle Régional Canadien du Climat (MRCC) avec les ré-analyses atmosphériques et les observations de surface disponibles. Les versions opérationnelle et en développement du MRCC se distinguent par l'emploi du module de paramétrage des processus physiques du Modèle de Circulation Générale Canadien (MCGC) de deuxième et troisième génération respectivement, développé par le Centre Canadien de modélisation et de l'analyse Climatique (CCmaC). Parmi les améliorations apportées à la physique du MCGC III, soulignons l'implantation d'un nouveau schéma de surface appelé CLASS (Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme), un modèle à trois couches de sol avec traitement explicite des couverts végétal et nival; il remplace le modèle hydrologique Beautified Bucket et le régime thermique de force de rappel à une couche de sol utilisés dans la version opérationnelle du MRCC. Les simulations sont issues de la phase 1c du projet PIRCS couvrant l'ensemble des États-Unis entre 1987 et 1994. L'analyse est réalisée sur les bassins-versants des fleuves Mississippi et Columbia. Certains flux de surface et champs diagnostics d'intérêts sont comparés avec les ré-analyses du NCEP/NCAR sur 50 ans et du ECMWF sur 40 ans. Les taux de précipitation, la température à l'abri et l'écart diurne de température à l'abri sont également comparés avec des climatologies d'observations. Les estimés mensuels de ruissellement sur les deux bassins-versants proviennent de mesures de débits fluviaux et d'aires de drainage avec quelques modifications. Enfin, des analyses de la profondeur de neige et des flux radiatifs de surface sont également utilisées. Les résultats montrent que la version en développement du MRCC tend à simuler une meilleure climatologie que la version opérationnelle, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'évapotranspiration, l'écart diurne de température à l'abri et la précipitation estivale. Cependant, un biais froid persistant de température à l'abri sur les deux bassins est associé à un couvert de neige excessif suivi d'une importante crête de ruissellement au printemps. De par sa construction et contrairement au schéma CLASS, le modèle hydrologique Beautified Bucket favorise la glace dans le sol au dépend de la couverture de neige. Des suggestions de modifications simples pour chacune des versions du MRCC sont également proposées. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Bilan hydrique de surface, Bilan énergétique de surface, MRCC opérationnel, MRCC en développement, Bassin-versant du Mississippi, Bassin-versant du Columbia

Some influences of area and pest management on apple mite populations in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia

Biweekly leaf samples were taken from commercial apple orchards in four main growing areas, from north to south of the Okanagan Valley, each about 70 km apart, during the full growing season of 1983. Both phytophagous and predacious mite distribution and abundance were influenced by the area and four management practices. Unsprayed orchards had few mites, whereas regularly sprayed orchards tended to have larger mite populations, the species composition and abundance of which varied with area. The numbers of some species of phytophagous mites appeared to be related to the species and abundance of predacious mites present in a given orchard

New tomistomine crocodylian from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt

251-268http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48660/2/ID527.pd

ScotGrid: Providing an Effective Distributed Tier-2 in the LHC Era

ScotGrid is a distributed Tier-2 centre in the UK with sites in Durham, Edinburgh and Glasgow. ScotGrid has undergone a huge expansion in hardware in anticipation of the LHC and now provides more than 4MSI2K and 500TB to the LHC VOs. Scaling up to this level of provision has brought many challenges to the Tier-2 and we show in this paper how we have adopted new methods of organising the centres, from fabric management and monitoring to remote management of sites to management and operational procedures, to meet these challenges. We describe how we have coped with different operational models at the sites, where Glagsow and Durham sites are managed "in house" but resources at Edinburgh are managed as a central university resource. This required the adoption of a different fabric management model at Edinburgh and a special engagement with the cluster managers. Challenges arose from the different job models of local and grid submission that required special attention to resolve. We show how ScotGrid has successfully provided an infrastructure for ATLAS and LHCb Monte Carlo production. Special attention has been paid to ensuring that user analysis functions efficiently, which has required optimisation of local storage and networking to cope with the demands of user analysis. Finally, although these Tier-2 resources are pledged to the whole VO, we have established close links with our local physics user communities as being the best way to ensure that the Tier-2 functions effectively as a part of the LHC grid computing framework..Comment: Preprint for 17th International Conference on Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics, 7 pages, 1 figur

Report of the GDR working group on the R-parity violation

This report summarizes the work of the "R-parity violation group" of the French Research Network (GDR) in Supersymmetry, concerning the physics of supersymmetric models without conservation of R-parity at HERA, LEP, Tevatron and LHC and limits on R-parity violating couplings from various processes. The report includes a discussion of the recent searches at the HERA experiment, prospects for new experiments, a review of the existing limits, and also theoretically motivated alternatives to R-parity and a brief discussion on the implications of R-parity violation on the neutrino masses.Comment: 60 pages, LaTeX, 22 figures, 2 table

A New Eusuchian Crocodyliform with Novel Cranial Integument and Its Significance for the Origin and Evolution of Crocodylia

Crocodyliforms were one of the most successful groups of Mesozoic tetrapods, radiating into terrestrial, semiaquatic and marine environments, while occupying numerous trophic niches, including carnivorous, insectivorous, herbivorous, and piscivorous species. Among these taxa were the enigmatic, poorly represented flat-headed crocodyliforms from the late Cretaceous of northern Africa. Here we report a new, giant crocodyliform from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Kem Kem Formation of Morocco. Represented by a partial braincase, the taxon has an extremely long, flat skull with large jaw and craniocervical muscles. The skull roof is ridged and ornamented with a broad, rough boss surrounded by significant vascular impressions, likely forming an integumentary structure unique among crocodyliforms. Size estimates using endocranial volume indicate the specimen was very large. The taxon possesses robust laterosphenoids with laterally oriented capitate processes and isolated epipterygoids, features allying it with derived eusuchians. Phylogenetic analysis finds the taxon to be a derived eusuchian and sister taxon to Aegyptosuchus, a poorly understood, early Late Cretaceous taxon from the Bahariya formation. This clade forms the sister clade of crown-group Crocodylia, making these taxa the earliest eusuchian crocodyliforms known from Africa. These results shift phylogenetic and biogeographical hypotheses on the origin of modern crocodylians towards the circum-Tethyean region and provide important new data on eusuchian morphology and evolution

A New Horned Crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

BACKGROUND: The fossil record reveals surprising crocodile diversity in the Neogene of Africa, but relationships with their living relatives and the biogeographic origins of the modern African crocodylian fauna are poorly understood. A Plio-Pleistocene crocodile from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, represents a new extinct species and shows that high crocodylian diversity in Africa persisted after the Miocene. It had prominent triangular "horns" over the ears and a relatively deep snout, these resemble those of the recently extinct Malagasy crocodile Voay robustus, but the new species lacks features found among osteolaemines and shares derived similarities with living species of Crocodylus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The holotype consists of a partial skull and skeleton and was collected on the surface between two tuffs dated to approximately 1.84 million years (Ma), in the same interval near the type localities for the hominids Homo habilis and Australopithecus boisei. It was compared with previously-collected material from Olduvai Gorge referable to the same species. Phylogenetic analysis places the new form within or adjacent to crown Crocodylus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The new crocodile species was the largest predator encountered by our ancestors at Olduvai Gorge, as indicated by hominid specimens preserving crocodile bite marks from these sites. The new species also reinforces the emerging view of high crocodylian diversity throughout the Neogene, and it represents one of the few extinct species referable to crown genus Crocodylus

Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation

BackgroundCrocodilians have dominated predatory niches at the water-land interface for over 85 million years. Like their ancestors, living species show substantial variation in their jaw proportions, dental form and body size. These differences are often assumed to reflect anatomical specialization related to feeding and niche occupation, but quantified data are scant. How these factors relate to biomechanical performance during feeding and their relevance to crocodilian evolutionary success are not known.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe measured adult bite forces and tooth pressures in all 23 extant crocodilian species and analyzed the results in ecological and phylogenetic contexts. We demonstrate that these reptiles generate the highest bite forces and tooth pressures known for any living animals. Bite forces strongly correlate with body size, and size changes are a major mechanism of feeding evolution in this group. Jaw shape demonstrates surprisingly little correlation to bite force and pressures. Bite forces can now be predicted in fossil crocodilians using the regression equations generated in this research.Conclusions/SignificanceCritical to crocodilian long-term success was the evolution of a high bite-force generating musculo-skeletal architecture. Once achieved, the relative force capacities of this system went essentially unmodified throughout subsequent diversification. Rampant changes in body size and concurrent changes in bite force served as a mechanism to allow access to differing prey types and sizes. Further access to the diversity of near-shore prey was gained primarily through changes in tooth pressure via the evolution of dental form and distributions of the teeth within the jaws. Rostral proportions changed substantially throughout crocodilian evolution, but not in correspondence with bite forces. The biomechanical and ecological ramifications of such changes need further examination

Formation of the ηc\eta_c in Two-Photon Collisions at LEP

The two-photon width $\Gamma_{\gamma\gamma}$ of the $\eta_c$ meson has been measured with the L3 detector at LEP. The $\eta_c$ is studied in the decay modes $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$, $\pi^+\pi^-$K$^+$K$^-$, K$_s^0$K$^\pm\pi^\mp$, K$^+$K$^-\pi^{0}$, $\pi^+\pi^-\eta$, $\pi^+\pi^-\eta'$, and $\rho^+\rho^-$ using an integrated luminosity of 140 pb$^{-1}$ at $\sqrt{s} \simeq 91$ GeV and of 52 pb$^{-1}$ at $\sqrt{s} \simeq 183$ GeV. The result is $\Gamma_{\gamma\gamma}(\eta_c) = 6.9 \pm 1.7 (stat.) \pm 0.8 (sys.) \pm 2.0$(BR) keV. The $Q^2$ dependence of the $\eta_c$ cross section is studied for $Q^2 < 9$ GeV$^{2}$. It is found to be better described by a Vector Meson Dominance model form factor with a J-pole than with a $\rho$-pole. In addition, a signal of $29 \pm 11$ events is observed at the $\chi_c0$ mass. Upper limits for the two-photon widths of the $\chi_c0$, $\chi_c2$, and $\eta_c'$ are also given