Genetic aberrations of c-myc and CCND1 in the development of invasive bladder cancer

Detrusor muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis and is responsible for the majority of bladder cancer related deaths. Amplifications of c-myc and CCND1 are associated with detrusor-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma, however, their precise role in driving disease progression is unclear. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation on archival tissue from 16 patients with primary diagnosis of ⩾pT2 transitional cell carcinoma and 15 cases with primary pTa/pT1 disease subsequently progressing to detrusor-muscle-invasion was performed, in the latter group both pre and post muscle invasive events were studied. No patients presenting with ⩾pT2 had amplification of c-myc, two out of 16 (12.5%) had CCND1 amplification. Of patients who developed ⩾pT2, two out of 15 (13.3%) had amplification of c-myc, both in ⩾pT2, five out of 15 (33.3%) had CCND1 amplification, two in pTa/pT1 tumours, three in ⩾pT2 transitional cell carcinomas. In total, two out of 31 (6.5%) of patients' ⩾pT2 TCCs were amplified for c-myc and six out of 31 (19%) were amplified for CCND1. Eighty-seven per cent (40 out of 46) of tumours were polysomic for chromosome 8 and 80% (37 out of 46) were polysomic for chromosome 11 and this reflected the high copy numbers of c-myc and CCND1 observed. In almost all cases an increase in c-myc/CCND1 copy number occurred prior to invasion and persisted in advanced disease. Amplification of CCND1 or alterations in c-myc/CCND1 early in bladder cancer may have clinical relevance in promoting and predicting progression to detrusor-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma

REVOCATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACT

Because the revocation is totally specific for administrative law principles, I chose to talk about in this study and its impact on the cancellation of administrative acts. Revocation will be explored, in terms of the authorities which it may provide but also of the effects caused.It also would examine if revocation has a legal basis, as well as real cases to provide the impact of this principle in administrative law

Developmental and Cultural Perspectives on Children’s Postoperative Pain Management at Home

Outpatient surgery is extremely common in children, and approximately 4 million children experience significant pain after surgery in the USA each year. Management of children\u27s postoperative pain in the home setting is suboptimal and is impacted by characteristics of children and parents, as well as the larger family and cultural context. In particular, developmental status of the child, parental beliefs regarding pain expression and analgesic use in children, cultural values and language barriers can affect management of children\u27s postoperative pain. Targeting the myriad barriers to children\u27s pain management by capitalizing upon the use of tailored interventions may help bridge the gap between the translation of pain management guidelines to the home setting

Profil Kemampuan Kognitif Siswa SMP Berkemampuan Matematika Tinggi pada Materi Luas Gabungan Berdasarkan Domain TIMSS

Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan kognitif siswa SMP berkemampuan matematika tinggi dalam menyelesaikan soal tes pemahaman luas bangun datar gabungan berdasarkan domain TIMSS, yang meliputi pengetahuan konsep, penerapan konsep, dan penalaran konsep. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari dua siswa kelas VIII SMP berkemampuan matematika tinggi. Instrumen utama adalah peneliti sendiri, dibantu  pedoman wawancara, dokumen dan Tes Kemampuan Matematika yang berisi soal-soal mengacu pada soal TIMSS tentang luas gabungan. Data yang diperoleh dari subjek penelitian dianalisis menggunakan domain kognitif TIMSS pada ranah pengetahuan, penerapan, dan penalaran konsep. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kedua subjek penelitian memiliki kemampuan kognitif dengan predikat yang berbeda, yaitu predikat sangat baik dan baik. Subjek dengan predikat kemampuan kognitif sangat baik mampu mengolah informasi, merencana, menyelesaikan dan secara konsisten memahami luas gabungan dapat disusun dari bervariasi kombinasi luas bangun datar.  Subjek dengan predikat kemampuan kognitif baik mampu mengolah informasi, merencana, dan menyelesaikan permasalahan, namun masih belum memiliki pemahaman yang kuat tentang variasi-variasi kombinasi luas bangun datar penyusun luas gabungan. Hasil ini memberikan gambaran adanya perbedaan kemampuan kognitif  siswa, meskipun sama-sama berada pada kemampuan matematika tinggi. This descriptive qualitative research aims to describe the cognitive abilities of highly mathematics-capable junior high school students in completing the combined shapes area comprehension test based on the TIMSS domain, which includes knowing, applying, and reasoning. The research subjects consisted of two students in grade VIII junior high school with high mathematics ability.data collection is done online via Whatsapp by sending test instruments in PDF format. The main instruments are the researchers themselves, assisted by interview guidelines, documents and Math Ability Tests containing questions referring to the TIMSS question about the combined area. Data obtained from the study subjects were analyzed using the cognitive domain TIMSS in the realm of knowing, applying, and reasoning of concepts. The results revealed that both research subjects had cognitive abilities with different predicates, namely excellent and good predicates. Subjects with excellent cognitive ability predicates are able to process information, plan, complete and consistently understand the combined area can be composed of varied combinations of shapes areas.  Subjects with good cognitive ability predicates are able to process information, plan, and solve problems, but still do not have a strong understanding of the variations of the combination of shapes area combined constituents. These results give an idea of the differences in students' cognitive abilities, although they are both in high math ability.

Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) : its theranostic role in cancer progression and metastasis

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which a fully differentiated epithelial cell attains mesenchymal traits and capabilities such as motility and invasiveness. There are three types. Type 3 EMT is associated with tumour cells increasing their malignant potential and result in increased resistance to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. Molecules involved are being used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.peer-reviewe

Case report: Unusual complication during outpatient continuous regional popliteal analgesia

Purpose: Continuous regional anesthesia applied as pain therapy at home is clinically established standard practice after upper and lower limb surgery. Persistent motor block at discharge or after continuous infusion of local anesthetics, however, might lead to complications related to the insensate extremity. We report a rare case of a foot fracture due to stumbling after continuous sciatic nerve block at home and discuss the related clinical implications. Clinical features: After uncomplicated ambulatory foot surgery under regional anesthesia, a patient was discharged with a continuous sciatic popliteal nerve block for pain therapy at home. After stumbling, the patient remained symptom-free even until catheter removal three days after surgery. Radiography done one week after surgery revealed a styloid fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone. Her subsequent recovery was uneventful. Conclusions: The true incidence of complications related to falls at home associated with lower extremity blockade remains unknown, as symptoms of possible complications may be masked by the effects of the local anesthetic. However, with increasing use of postoperative regional anesthesia, it is mandatory to develop and adhere to clinical care maps, and to elaborate and teach strategies to further enhance patient safet

La epistemología constructivista y la didáctica de las ciencias : ¿coincidencia o complementariedad?

To a large extent, criticisms to constructivists epistemologies, in particular to Piaget's theory, have come from fields like psychology and didactics, not from epistemology itself. Our goal is to show that the power of piagetian theory comes from its epistemological contents. One must not look for this power in education for its own sake. This does not mean that epistemology and educational theories are unrelated but that each one has to define its domain of applicability