Constructions «impersonnelles» vs propositions «complètes» comme problème de traduction

Cette étude contrastive décrit les principales caractéristiques des constructions impersonnelles dans les langues romanes (français, italien, espagnol et, dans une moindre mesure, portugais), en prêtant une attention particulière aux problèmes detraductionqu’engendrentlessimilitudesetlesdifférencesentreceslangues.Après une brève description des constructions impersonnelles construites avec un verbe conjugué (1.1), l’analyse se concentre sur les constructions impersonnelles basées sur une forme non conjuguée du verbe (1.2), comprenant les constructions impersonnelles infinitives (2), gérondives (3), et participiales (avec participe présent et passé ;4– 5). Le but de cette contribution consiste aussi à fournir un compte rendu détaillé des ressources bibliographiques disponibles sur les constructions impersonnelles dans les différentes langues romanes (grammaires spécialisées, études contrastives, manuelsdetraductionetc.)

Redescription of <i>Cercopithifilaria bainae</i> Almeida &amp; Vicente, 1984 (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) from a dog in Sardinia, Italy

Background Three species of the genus Cercopithifilaria have been morphologically and molecularly characterized in dog populations in southern Europe: Cercopithifilaria grassii (Noè, 1907), Cercopithifilaria sp. sensu Otranto et al., 2011 (reported as Cercopithifilaria sp. I), and Cercopithifilaria sp. II sensu Otranto et al., 2012. The adults of Cercopithifilaria sp. I have remained unknown until the present study. Methods The material originated from a dog from Sardinia (Italy) diagnosed with dermal microfilariae of Cercopithifilaria sp. I. The holotype and three paratypes of Cercopithifilaria bainae Almeida &amp; Vicente, 1984, described from dogs in Brazil, were studied as comparative material. A cox1 (~689 bp) and 12S (~330 bp) gene fragments were amplified and phylogenetic analysis carried out. Results The highest numbers of adult nematodes (82%) were collected in the sediment of the subcutaneous tissues of the trunk (n = 37) and forelimbs (n = 36). The morphology of the adult nematodes and microfilariae collected from the dog in Sardinia corresponded to those of C. bainae. All cox1 and 12S gene sequences showed a high homology (99-100%) with sequences from microfilariae of Cercopithifilaria sp. I. Conclusions The morphological and molecular identity of the microfilariae of C. bainae overlap those described previously as Cercopithifilaria sp. sensu Otranto et al., 2011 (=Cercopithifilaria sp. I). Therefore, the present study reports the occurrence of C. bainae in Europe, for the first time after its description and the single record in Brazil. C. bainae appears to be highly diffused in dog populations in southern Europe. The phylogenetic analyses based on cox1 and 12S do not reveal the three species of Cercopithifilaria parasitizing dogs as a monophyletic group, which suggests that they have derived independently by host switching

Essays in Macroeconomics:

Thesis advisor: Ryan A. ChahrourThe dissertation studies the primary sources of business-cycle fluctuations and their interaction with uncertainty and financial frictions. In my work, I examine the degree to which changes in uncertainty and financial conditions can be independent drivers of economic fluctuations; I study the sources of boom-bust cycles and whether they are linkedto credit market sentiments; and I ask how financial frictions affect economic fluctuations in terms of prices and quantities. In "Financial and Uncertainty Shocks", I separately identify financial and uncertainty shocks using a novel SVAR procedure and discuss their distinct monetary policy implications. The procedure relies on the qualitatively different responses of corporate cash holdings: after a financial shock, firms draw down their cash reserves as they lose access to external finance, while uncertainty shocks drive up cash holdings for precautionary reasons. Although both financial and uncertainty shocks are contractionary, my results show that the former are inflationary while the latter generate deflation. I rationalize this pattern in a New-Keynesian model: after a financial shock, firms increase prices to raise current liquidity; after an uncertainty shock, firms cut prices in response to falling demand. These distinct channels have stark monetary policy implications: conditional on uncertainty shocks the divine coincidence applies, while in case of financial shocks the central bank can stabilize inflation only at the cost of more unstable output fluctuations. In "What are the Sources of Boom-Bust Cycles?", joint with Vito Cormun, we provide a synthesis of two major views on economic fluctuations. One view maintains that expansions and recessions arise from the interchange of positive and negative persistent exogenous shocks to fundamentals. This is the conventional view that gave rise to the profusion of shocks used in modern dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. In contrast, a second view, which we call the endogenous cycles view, holds that business cycle fluctuations are due to forces that are internal to the economy and that endogenously favor recurrent periods of boom followed by a bust. In this environment, cycles can occur after small perturbations of the long run equilibrium. We find empirical evidence pointing at the coexistence of both views. In particular, we find that the cyclical behaviour of economic aggregates is due in part to strong internal mechanisms that generate boom-bust phenomena in response to small changes in expectations, and in part to the interchange of positive and negative persistent fundamental shocks. Motivated by our findings, we build a theory that unifies the dominant paradigm with the endogenous cycles approach. Our theory suggests that recessions and expansions are intimately related phenomena, and that understanding the nature of an expansion, whether it is driven by fundamentals or by beliefs, is a first order issue for policy makers whose mandate is to limit the occurrance of inefficient economic fluctuations. In "COVID-19 and Credit Constraints'', joint with Pierluigi Balduzzi, Emanuele Brancati, and Fabio Schiantarelli, we investigate the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role played by credit constraints in the transmission mechanism, using a novel survey of expectations and plans of Italian firms, taken just before and after the outbreak. Most firms revise downward their expectations for sales, orders, employment, and investment, while prices are expected to increase at a faster rate, with geographical and sectoral heterogeneity in the size of the effects. Credit constraints amplify the effects on factor demand and sales of the COVID-19 generated shocks. Credit-constrained firms also expect to charge higher prices, relative to unconstrained firms. The search for and availability of liquidity is a key determinant of firms' plans. Finally, both supply and demand shocks play a role in shaping firms' expectations and plans, with supply shocks being slightly more important in the aggregate.Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021.Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.Discipline: Economics

Pengungkapan Diri di Situs Media Sosial Youtube

Social media is a rapidly growing phenomenon, not only a growing phenomenon in Indonesia. This development is certainly accompanied by the enthusiasm of the community and the existence of social media as a place of self-expression which is increasingly popular and easier to utilize. One of the most popular social media is YouTube. Youtube is a platform where users can upload, watch and share videos. This easily accessible social media platform makes its users come from all ages. This phenomenon is an opportunity for YouTube content creators to make self-disclosure or self-use which is often personal. Self-disclosure plays an important role in life and in the daily life of an individual does not escape the activity of self-disclosure. Researchers want to see the extent to which youtube users use social media as a means of self-disclosure. This research was conducted based on previous studies with similar cases

PERBEDAAN PENYESUAIAN SOSIAL PADA ANAK YANG MENJALANI SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN TAMAN KANAK-KANAK FULL DAYS DAN REGULER

Taman kanak-kanak full days merupakan konsep belajar sehari penuh, yaitu anak didik berada di lingkungan sekolah dari pagi hingga sore hari. Berbeda dengan taman kanak-kanak reguler yang menyelenggarakan kegiatan hingga pukul 10.00. Fenomena berbagai sistem pembelajaran tersebut memiliki efek serta menghasilkan kemampuan yang berbeda-beda termasuk penyesuaian sosialnya. Penyesuaian sosial berperan penting dalam perkembangan anak agar mereka dapat menjalin hubungan yang baik dengan orang lain. Kedua sistem pembelajaran tersebut dimungkinkan memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda dalam perkembangan anak termasuk penyesuaian sosialnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan penyesuaian sosial pada anak yang menjalani sistem pembelajaran taman kanak-kanak full days dan reguler. Penelitian ini menggunakan seluruh populasi sebagai sampel dikarenakan jumlah anak-anak TK Besar di KB TKI Mulia Hati Klaten dan TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kalikotes 1 Klaten terlalu sedikit, sehingga penelitian ini disebut penelitian populasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode cross sectional. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah skala penyesuaian sosial. Analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis independent sample t-tes. Hasil kategorisasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum subjek pada sistem pembelajaran taman kanak-kanak full days dan reguler memiliki tingkat penyesuaian sosial yang tinggi, namun ada perbedaan mean 1,30 yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan penyesuaian sosial pada anak yang menjalani sistem pembelajaran taman kanak-kanak full days dan reguler, walaupun perbedaan sistem pembelajaran itu kurang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor penyesuaian sosial. Secara statistik hal itu tidak bermakna karena uji independent sample t-test menghasilkan t hitung = 0,934 dan t tabel = 1,980, dengan probabilitas p-value = 0,352 > α = 0,005. Hal ini berarti hipotesis ditolak, yaitu tidak terdapat perbedaan penyesuaian sosial pada anak yang menjalani sistem pembelajaran taman kanak full days dan reguler. Hasil analisis data menghasilkan nilai rata-rata taman kanak-kanak reguler 78,38 dan taman kanak-kanak full days 77,08. Hal ini berarti bahwa sistem pembelajaran taman kanak-kanak reguler memiliki penyesuaian sosial yang lebih tinggi daripada taman kanak-kanak full days

Chromosome analysis of species of the tripunctata radiation of Drosophila

Orientador: Louis Bernard KlaczkoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Acredita-se que no gênero Drosophila, o subgênero Drosophila é procedente do subgênero Sophophora e deu origem a outros gêneros e subgêneros e, particularmente, a duas radiações: virilis-repleta e immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. Esta última teve uma origem paleotropical, onde inicialmente se diversificou e se expandiu, enviando a radiação tripunctata aos Neotrópicos. A radiação tripunctata sofreu uma diversificação neotropical importante e atualmente é composta por 9 grupos de espécies adaptadas a áreas florestais. Este projeto se insere num amplo contexto de compreender a evolução da radiação tripunctata de Drosophila. Para isso foram usadas duas abordagens: a) analisamos a posição do rDNA nos cromossomos mitóticos de 16 espécies da radiação tripunctata; b) e, com cromossomos politênicos, focalizamos nossa atenção no estudo detalhado de um agrupamento monofilético dentro do grupo tripuntata - o agrupamento de espécies relacionadas com D. mediopunctata (D. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata e D. roehrae) - usando métodos de citogenética clássica e molecular. Deste modo os objetivos deste trabalho foram: - Examinar a variação da posição dos genes codificantes do RNA ribossomal (rDNA) em espécies da radiação tripunctata. - Produzir fotomapas de cromossomos politênicos de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. - Caracterizar as inversões cromossômicas (pontos de quebra) que ocorrem em populações de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata - Identificar os elementos cromossômicos de Muller pela localização, através de hibridação in situ, de genes de cópia única de D. melanogaster em cromossomos politênicos das espécies D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. As conclusões gerais foram: - A presença de uma NOR em cada cromossomo sexual é uma condição ancestral no gênero Drosophila e este caráter é bem conservado neste gênero. - Os cromossomos politênicos das três espécies são bem similares, sendo possível determinar com relativa facilidade a homologia dos cromossomos menos polimórficos. - Existe um padrão de polimorfismo de inversões entres os elementos de Muller nestas espécies: o elemento E é o mais polimórfico, com muitas inversões em cada espécie; o elemento C é o segundo mais polimórfico, enquanto B e D são os menos polimórficos. - Drosophila unipunctata apresenta uma conformação cariotípica singular, a despeito das espécies D. mediopunctata e D. unipunctata serem consideradas filogeneticamente mais próximas que D. roehrae, o que sugere uma rápida evolução cromossômicaAbstract: In the genus Drosophila, the subgenus Drosophila arose from the subgenus Sophophora and subsequently gave rise to various subgenera and genera, and to two particularly important radiations: virilis-repleta and immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. The latter originated in the Paleotropics, where it initially diversified and expanded, taking the tripunctata radiation to the Neotropics. The tripunctata radiation suffered significant Neotropical diversification and, at present, is composed of nine species groups adapted to forest habitats. The ultimate aim underlying this project is to understand the evolution of the tripunctata radiation of Drosophila. To address this matter, two approaches were used: a) we investigated the rDNA position, on mitotic chromosomes, in 16 species of the tripunctata radiation; b) and, with polytene chromosomes, we focused our attention in the detailed study of three closely related species of the tripunctata group. (d. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata and D. roehrae) - using classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis. More specifically, we aimed to: - investigate the rDNA position in species of tripunctata radiation through in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes. - prepare photomaps of the polytene chromosome of D. roehrae and D. unipunctata, locating the breaking points of the inversions. - identify Muller's elements, in polytene chromosomes of D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata through in situ hybridization using genes of D. melanogaster as probes. Our conclusions were: - The presence of a single nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on each sex chromosome is an ancestral and conserved state in the genus Drosophila. - Drosophila mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata have similar polytene chromosomes, which allowed us to establish the homology of chromosomal elements through the comparison of banding patterns. - In these species, the distribution of breaking points through the Muller's elements is non-random: element E is the most polymorphic, with many inversions in each species; and element C is the second most polymorphic; while B and D are the least polymorphic. - With the help of molecular genetic markers it has been previously established that D. mediopunctata is more closely related to D. unipunctata than to D. roehrae. However, D. unipunctata shows a notably different karyotype configuration, which suggests rapid chromosomal evolutionDoutoradoGenetica Animal e EvoluçãoDoutor em Genetica e Biologi

PENGARUH DANA PIHAK KETIGA DAN KINERJA KEUANGAN PERBANKAN TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PADA BANK – BANK YANG GO PUBLIC

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh secara simultan maupun secara parsial dana pihak ketiga, kinerja perbankan yang terdiri dari CAR, ROA, NPL, terhadap Return saham. Jenis data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder. Data diperoleh dari media internet melalui situs www.idx.co.id berupa laporan keuangan bank yang dipublikasikan dan Indonesian Capital Market Directory. Data time series pada penelitian ini adalah data laporan keuangan tahunan perusahaan perbankan yang diterbitkan selama 4 tahun. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Secara simultan ada pengaruh Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK), Capital Adequacy Ratio, (CAR), Return on Asset (ROA), dan Non Performing Loan (NPL) terhadap Return Saham. Secara parsial, yang berpengaruh terhadap Return Saham adalah Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) dan Return on Asset (ROA), dan yang tidak berpengaruh adalah Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK) dan Non Performing Loan (NPL). Kata kunci : Dana pihak ketiga, Kinerja Keuangan dan Return Saha