MODEL GLIOBLASTOMA PADA TIKUS DENGAN GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI LEPTOMENINGEAL GLIOMATOSIS DIFUS YANG DIINDUKSI DENGAN INJEKSI SEL GLIOMA C6 MELALUI ARTERI KAROTIS

Pendahuluan Untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat biologi tumor otak dan mengembangkan obat anti-kanker serta modalitas terapi yang lebih efektif, diperlukan suatu model tumor otak pada hewan coba yang dapat direproduksi (reproducible). Pada penelitian ini kami mencoba untuk membuat model tumor leptomeningeal gliomatosis pada tikus dengan menyuntikkan sel kanker glioma galur C6. Metoda Model hewan coba leptomeningeal gliomatosis difus primer dibuat dengan menyuntikkan sel glioma C6 sejumlah 1x107 sel melalui arteri karotis pada tikus (rat) galur Wistar. Untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat biologis dari tumor yang terbentuk, dilakukan pengecatan immunohistokimia Ki-67 dan Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Metodologi, tanda-tanda fisik yang ditemukan, dan gambaran histologis dari tumor juga didiskusikan. Hasil Leptomeningeal glioma tumbuh pada semua tikus galur Wistar setelah diinjeksi dengan sel glioma C6 sejumlah 1x107 sel. Tanda hipertensi intrakranial, penurunan berat badan dan cachexia terdeteksi, dan nilai tengah (median) umur hewan coba adalah 18,0±2,9 hari. Jaringan glioma terdistribusi ke seluruh ventrikel otak, area leptomeningeal di otak, dan batang otak dengan gambaran ciri khas glioblastoma. Pengecatan imunohistokimia menunjukkan indeks Ki-67 yang tinggi (42,1±10,3%) dan ekspresi yang berlebihan (overekspresi) dari MMP- 2 dan MMP-9, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tumor yang berkembang mempunyai potensi untuk berkembang (proliferasi), menyebar (invasi), dan membentuk pembuluh darah baru (angiogenesis). Kesimpulan Keuntungan metode injeksi melalui arteri karotis ini adalah tidak adanya bekas luka operasi pada tulang tengkorak (kranium). Model hewan coba ini merupakan model baru leptomeningeal gliomatosis difus primer. Model ini mungkin dapat dipergunakan untuk uji pre- klinik pada progresivitas glioblastoma. Kata kunci: percobaan tumor otak, glioblastoma multiforme; injeksi intrakarotis; leptomeningeal gliomatosis; sel glioma C6

The Effect of Combined Extracts of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) in Improving Diabetic Condition in Rats

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of combination of sappan (secang) wood and gotu kola extracts in reducing insulin resistance and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) and Nicotinamide (NA) 230 mg/kg BW. Forty-two male Sprague Dawley rats weighing ±200 g were divided into 7 groups: 1) control, 2) glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW, 3) sappan wood extract (CS) 250 mg/kg BW, 4) gotu kola extract (CA) 500 mg/kg BW, 5) 1st combination of extracts of sappan wood and gotu kola (CSCA1) 125 mg/kg BW + 750 mg/kg BW, 6) 2nd combination (CSCA2) with 250 mg/kg BW + 500 mg/kg BW, and 7) 3rd combination (CSCA3) with 375 mg/kg BW + 250 mg/kg BW. The insulin resistance levels were measured using the HOMA-IR index based on fasting blood glucose and insulin. The Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARs) method was used to measure MDA levels. All measurements were taken before treatment, 14 days after treatment, and 21 days after treatment. The group receiving CSCA3 showed significant reduction in insulin resistance (-3.32±0.05) and MDA levels (-2.04±0.37 nmol/ml) on Day 21 after treatment. The CSCA3 treatment did not show statistically different result compared to glibenclamide treatment (p>0.05). Hence, CSCA3 treatment was considered as the best proportion of sappan wood and gotu kola extracts mixture and the result is comparable to glibenclamide. This study shows that the combination of sappan wood and gotu kola extracts has the potential to be developed as a functional drink for people with diabetes

Antidiabetic effect of Centella asiatica extract (whole plant) in streptozotocin nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats

ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Pegagan (Centella asiatica) telah digunakan untuk pengobatan diabetes mellitus. Namun dosis efek anti diabetes ini belum diteliti.Tujuan: Untuk menguji pengaruh variasi dosis ekstrak pegagan (seluruh bagian tanaman) terhadap kadar gula darah, asupan makanan, dan berat badan pada tikus model diabetes mellitus yang diinduksi Streptozotocin Nicotinamide.Metode: Tiga puluh enam tikus Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan berbeda: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, kontrol obat (metformin 45 mg/KgBB/hari), ekstrak pegagan 300 mg/KgBB/hari, 600 mg/KgBB/hari, 1200 mg / KgBB / hari. Pemberian ekstrak pegagan (seluruh bagian tanaman) dan metformin dilakukan selama 28 hari. Kadar gula darah dianalisis menggunakan Glucose Oxidase Phenol Aminoantipyrina Peroxidase (GOD-PAP) sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Berat badan dan asupan makanan diukur setiap satu minggu. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil: Pemberian variasi dosis ekstrak pegagan dan metformin secara signifikan menurunkan kadar gula darah, meningkatkan berat badan dan memperbaiki asupan makanan (p = 0,00). Kadar gula darah dan asupan makanan pada kelompok ekstrak pegagan (seluruh bagian tanaman) dosis tinggi (1200 mg / KgBB / hari) lebih baik dibanding kelompok dosis rendah (300 mg / KgBB / hari) dan kelompok dosis sedang (600 mg / hari), dan memiliki efek yang sama dengan tikus yang diobati dengan metformin 45 mg / KgBB / hari.Kesimpulan: Dosis tinggi ekstrak pegagan (1200 mg/KgBB/hari) memiliki efek anti-diabetes yang lebih baik dibanding dosis lain, dan memiliki efek yang sama dengan kontrol obat.KATA KUNCI: gula darah, diabetes, pegagan, Streptozotocin nicotinamideABSTRACT Background: Centella asiatica has been used for healing diabetes mellitus. The dosage of this anti diabetic effect was yet to be explored.Objectives: To examine the effect of the variation in the dosage of C. asiatica extract (whole plant) on blood glucose levels, food intake, and body weight in Streptozotocin Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rat were divided into six different groups of treatments: negative control, positive control, medication control (metformin 45 mg/KgBW/day), extract of C. asiatica 300 mg/KgBW/day, 600 mg/KgBW/day, 1200 mg/KgBW/day. Treatments of C. asiatica extract (whole plant) and metformin was done for 28 days. Blood glucose was analyzed using the Glucose Oxidase Phenol Aminoantipyrina Peroxidase (GOD-PAP) before and after treatment. Body weight and food intake were measured every one week. The data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with 95% confidence level.Results: The administration of the variation in the dosage of C. asiatica extract and metformin significantly decrease blood glucose levels, increase body weight and improve food intake (p =0.00). Blood glucose level and food intake among high dosage of C. asiatica extract (whole plant) group (1200 mg/KgBW/day) is better than the low dosage group (300 mg/KgBW/day) and moderate dosage group (600 mg/KgBW/ day), and have the same effect with the rats treated with metformin 45 mg/KgBW/day.Conclusion: High dosage of C. asiatica extract (1200 mg/KgBW/day) had a better anti-diabetic effe than other dosages, and had the same effect with the medication control.KEYWORDS: blood glucose, Centella asiatica, diabetes, nicotinamide, Streptozotoci

Effect of Banana Consumption and Walking Exercise on Anxiety in Female Adolescents

Background: Mental health disorders including anxiety are important global public health issues. The prevalence of anxiety in the Indonesian population aged 15 years and over is 6%. This study aimed to examine the effect of banana consumption and walking exercise on anxiety in female adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted in 4 High Schools in Surakarta, Central Java. A sample of 62 female students aged 15-17 years with normal nutritional status, fruit consumption <3x/ day, physical exercise <3x/week, no smoking and alcoholic beverages, and not being menstruated during the study, were selected for this study. The sample was divided into 4 groups: (1) banana group; (2) walking exercise group; (3) banana and walking exercise group; (4) control group. The banana group was given 2 bananas per day for 14 days. The walking exercise group walked 3x/ week for 14 days with a distance of 0.8 km in 15 minutes, a speed of 3.0 km/h every 1x physical exercise, using a treadmill Precor 956i USA. The dependent variable was anxiety. The independent variable was banana, walking exercise, or combination of the two. Anxiety was measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire. Data on other variables were collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the linear regression model. Results: Banana consumption (b= -7.84; p<0.001), walking exercise (b= -5.46; p= 0.003), banana consumption and walking exercise (b= -11.51; p<0.001) for 14 days lowered anxiety level in female adolescent. Conclusion: Either consumption of bananas, walking exercise, or combination of the two, is effective to reduce anxiety in female adolescents. Keywords: banana, walking exercise, anxiety, female, adolescen

PENGARUH HOMOSISTEIN TERHADAP BERAT OTAK TIKUS MODEL PENYAKIT ALZHEIMER

Homosistein (hcy) adalah asam amino mengandung sulfur yang terbentuk selama metabolisme metionin asam amino esensial. Pemberian homosistein menyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif, kerusakan DNA, pemicu apoptosis dan eksitotoksisitas, yang penting dalam degenerasi saraf. Kadar homosistein yang meningkat menyebabkan neurotoksisitas dan atrofi otak pada Penyakit Alzheimer (AD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati bobot otak tikus Sprague Dawley yang diinduksi Hcy selama 7, 14 dan 21 hari. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorik dengan posttest only group  design. Sembilan ekor tikus Sprague dawley umur 8-12 minggu dengan berat badan antara 150-200 gram dibagi secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok (n=3). Semua kelompok diberikan injeksi homosistein dengan dosis yang sama yaitu 0,4 mg / kg berat badan. Kelompok I, II dan III diinjeksi homosistein selama 7, 14, dan 21 hari untuk setiap kelompok secara berurutan. Pengamatan berat otak dilakukan setelah eutanasia pada hari ke 7, 14, dan 21 setelah perlakuan. Sampel berat otak diukur dengan menggunakan timbangan digital. Perbedaan berat otak antar kelompok dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANOVA. Hubungan antara berat otak dan lama injeksi homosistein dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji korelasi product-moment Pearson. Semua prosedur penelitian telah dilakukan dengan persetujuan dari Komite Etik Hewan Fakultas Kedokteran UNS No: 106/UN27.06.6.1/KEPK/EC/2020. Injeksi homosistein selama 7, 14 dan 21 hari tidak mengubah berat otak. Berat otak mengalami penurunan tetapi tidak signifikan secara statistik  (p=0,549). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar homosistein tidak mempengaruhi berat otak tikus model penyakit Alzheimer

PERUBAHAN BERAT BADAN TIKUS AKIBAT INJEKSI HOMOSISTEIN SEBAGAI MODEL HEWAN PENYAKIT ALZHEIMER

Homosistein merupakan salah satu senyawa yang digunakan untuk menginduksi penyakit alzheimer pada tikus. Kadar homosistein yang tinggi memicu stress oksidatif, peradangan saraf dan pembentukan amiloid-beta pada otak. Hal ini dapat mempengaruhi fungsi otak yang terlibat dalam pengaturan nafsu makan sehingga dapat mengakibatkan penurunan berat badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan berat badan tikus yang diinjeksi homosistein selama 7 hari, 14 hari dan 21 hari. Sebanyak 9 ekor tikus galur Sprague dawley usia 8-12 minggu dengan berat 150-200gram dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Kelompok I, II dan III diinjeksi homosistein masing-masing selama 7, 14 dan 21 hari. Berat badan tikus ditimbang sebelum perlakuan, hari ke-7, hari ke-14 dan hari ke-21 setelah pemberian homosistein. Analisis data menggunakan uji paired t-test dan one-way Anova. Rata-rata berat badan tikus kelompok I, II dan III mengalami peningkatan masing-masing sebesar 3,33±1,15 gram; 5,00±2,00 gram; dan 2,33±3,51 gram. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan berat badan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan sesudah injeksi homosistein selama 7 hari pada kelompok I (p=0,038) dan 14 hari pada kelompok II (p=0,049), sedangkan berat badan tikus pada kelompok III tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan (p=0,369). Tidak ada perbedaan berat badan yang signifikan antara kelompok I, II dan III setelah injeksi homosistein (p=0,182). Berat badan tikus model alzheimer setelah injeksi homosistein selama 7, 14, dan 21 hari mengalami perlambatan kenaikan berat badan. Kondisi ini mirip dengan pasien alzheimer yang pada umumnya mengalami penurunan berat badan sehingga perlu pemantauan asupan makan untuk mencegah penurunan berat badan lebih lanjut.Homosistein merupakan salah satu senyawa yang digunakan untuk menginduksi penyakit alzheimer pada tikus. Kadar homosistein yang tinggi memicu stress oksidatif, peradangan saraf dan pembentukan amiloid-beta pada otak. Hal ini dapat mempengaruhi fungsi otak yang terlibat dalam pengaturan nafsu makan sehingga dapat mengakibatkan penurunan berat badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan berat badan tikus yang diinjeksi homosistein selama 7 hari, 14 hari dan 21 hari. Sebanyak 9 ekor tikus galur Sprague dawley usia 8-12 minggu dengan berat 150-200gram dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Kelompok I, II dan III diinjeksi homosistein masing-masing selama 7, 14 dan 21 hari. Berat badan tikus ditimbang sebelum perlakuan, hari ke-7, hari ke-14 dan hari ke-21 setelah pemberian homosistein. Analisis data menggunakan uji paired t-test dan one-way Anova. Rata-rata berat badan tikus kelompok I, II dan III mengalami peningkatan masing-masing sebesar 3,33±1,15 gram; 5,00±2,00 gram; dan 2,33±3,51 gram. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan berat badan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan sesudah injeksi homosistein selama 7 hari pada kelompok I (p=0,038) dan 14 hari pada kelompok II (p=0,049), sedangkan berat badan tikus pada kelompok III tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan (p=0,369). Tidak ada perbedaan berat badan yang signifikan antara kelompok I, II dan III setelah injeksi homosistein (p=0,182). Berat badan tikus model alzheimer setelah injeksi homosistein selama 7, 14, dan 21 hari mengalami perlambatan kenaikan berat badan. Kondisi ini mirip dengan pasien alzheimer yang pada umumnya mengalami penurunan berat badan sehingga perlu pemantauan asupan makan untuk mencegah penurunan berat badan lebih lanjut

EFFECT OF DATE FRUIT (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) EXTRACT ON TNFα LEVELS AND BRAIN WEIGHT OF ALZHEIMER’S MODEL RATS

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a  neurodegenerative disorder marked by brain inflammation resulted in structural damage and brain dysfunction. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine that plays an important role in inflammation. Dates fruit may help to fight oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Objective: To determine the effect of date fruit extracts on blood TNFα levels and brain weight of alzheimer’s model rats. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study by post-test only with control group design using alzheimer model rats. This study used 6 treatment groups with simple randomization. Each treatment group was represented by 8 Sprague Dawley rats. The normal control group (KN) was not induced by Hcy and was not given date palm extract, the negative control group (K-) was the Alzheimer's experimental rats which was not given the date palm extract, the positive group was the Alzheimer's experimental rats which was given the Donepezil (K+). Groups P1, P2, P3 were Alzheimer's experimental rats that were given date palm extract at a dose of 200, 400,800 mg / kgBW / day. The effect of date palm extract dosage on TNFα levels and brain weight were analyzed using the One Way Anova test followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The difference in TNFα levels between groups showed a significant difference (p = 0.00). Meanwhile there was no significant difference in brain weight among all groups (p > 0,05).  Conclusion: Date palm extract at doses of 200, 400, 800 mg / kgBW can decrease blood TNFα levels of Alzheimer’s model rats

Daily iron intake and BMI for age but not for daily tannin intake increase hemoglobin levels in young females at Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract Introduction: Prevalence of anemia among young women in Indonesia has been seen to increase in the last five years. This situation indicates that this nutritional disorder looks like an iceberg phenomenon. Daily consumption of vegetables containing foods is recommended for prevention of non-communicable diseases including anemia. These foods contain not only ferric ions but also other natural compounds. Aim: To analyse the relationship of daily intake of micronutrients and polyphenols with hemoglobin levels in young females. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 117 young females who studied in six senior high schools in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java; they were selected using a purposive sampling. Data of micronutrients and polyphenols intake were collected using the Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency questionnaire. Blood samples from lower arm veins were used for hemoglobin measurements in a hematology analyser. The collected data were analysed using the Rank Spearman and multiple regression linear tests to evaluate the relationship of micronutrients and polyphenols intake with the hemoglobin levels. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 17.1% among 20/117 young females. Higher dietary intake of iron (b=0.043; p&amp;lt;0.001) and higher BMI for age (b=0.246; p=0.025) increased the Hb levels while higher dietary intake of tannin (b=−0.003; p=0.009) decreased them. Conclusions: Dietary intake of iron and BMI for age are related to the hemoglobin levels but tannin intake is inversely related to these levels in young females. Higher iron intake from vegetable resources should be taken into account for anemia reduction in young females due to the presence of tannins

THE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA (L) URBAN ADMINISTRATION TOWARDS THE THICKNESS OF PYRAMIDAL LAYER IN THE CA1 REGION OF HIPPOCAMPUS OF SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS AFTER CHRONIC RESTRAIN STRESS

Background: Stress has been shown can change the structure of the brain, especially in the cornu ammonic (CA) I region of hippocampus. Centella asiatica or pegagan as herbal neuroprotector was investigated. The study aimed to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of C. asiatica to the thickness of pyramidal layer in the CA1 region in rats subjected to chronic restrain stress (CRS). Method: This experimental study used post test only group design. Thirty five rats were divided into 6 groups: non stress group (control) and stress only group pulvis gum arabicum (PGA), positive control group (treated with fluoxetin 10mg/kgBW), and 3 treatment groups are treated with C. asiatica 150, 300, and 600mg/kgBW respectively. All groups except non stress group were subjected to CRS, for 6 hours per day for 21 days. Fluoxetin, PGA, and C. Asiatica were applied 30 minutes before CRS done. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 24th day and were perfused transcardially. Processed brain tissue stained with toluidine blue, and measured with Image Raster program. Result: The thickness of pyramidal layer in the CA1 region are increasing significantly in treatment groups which treated with 150 and 300 kg/BW of C. asiatica, but not significant which treated with 600mg/kgBW ethanolic extract of C. asiatica. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of C. asiatica can improve thickness of pyramidal layer in the CA1 region of hippocampus of Sprague Dawley rats after chronic restrain stress. [JuKe Unila 2014; 4(8):202-207