School leaders, community cohesion and the Big Society

This report summarises research conducted on community cohesion in English schools in 2010. The research uses an opportunity sample of 27 primary and secondary schools in three local authorities to generate insights on how the duty to promote community cohesion has been interpreted, enacted and accounted for since its beginning in 2007. The significance of this report is not in the sample size or spectrum but in the themes that emerged from semi-structured interviews. A related document, Teaching, Learning and Community Cohesion: a study of primary and secondary schools’ responses to a new statutory duty, which provides guidance for teachers and school leaders, is also published by CfBT (Rowe et al, 2011). The background to the duty to promote community cohesion, including its inception as a policy and its roots in other measures, is discussed in an opening section. The findings from group and individual interviews with teachers and school senior leaders are analysed under themed headings. Finally, some pointers for future policy development, including links with the ‘Big Society’ agenda, are discussed. The main messages of this report are that: • nearly all teachers and schools welcome community cohesion and agree personally and professionally with its underpinning values, although they interpret the duty very differently, according to their school context and present practice • schools have had varied success in implementing the duty, paying more attention to action than to underlying social policy coherence, but in most cases the duty and the fact that it was to be inspected has resulted in schools developing and improving their provision • some teachers are not clear about current guidance and inspection criteria, while a small number of teachers have objections to the legal and/or inspectable status of the duty • strong resonances and opportunities exist for the development of schools’ achievements in the light of the recent Education White Paper (Department for Education, 2010), a growing focus on localism (CLG, 2010) and the emergent policy focus on the Big Societ

The robustness of various forms of perimetry to different levels of induced intraocular stray light

purpose. To compare directly the robustness of standard automated perimetry (SAP), short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), frequency-doubling perimetry (FDP), and grating-resolution perimetry (GRP) stimuli to different degrees of intraocular stray light induced by commercially available opacity-containing filters. methods. Five white opacity filters of increasing density were used to simulate the typical forward light scatter and stray light values associated with age-related lens opacification and significant cataract. The individually induced intraocular stray light value for each filter was quantified with a stray light meter and plotted against individual perimetric thresholds for the right eyes of three normally sighted trained observers for SAP, SWAP, FDP, and GRP. results. All tests were significantly but differently affected by increasing stray light. Overall average declines over a 1 log unit change in the stray light values were as follows: SAP, 4.85 dB; SWAP, 9.03 dB; FDP, 4.29 dB; and GRP, 1.36 dB. Standardized (z) scores were calculated after normalization to the spread of the normative data values for each instrument. These indicated that the standardized changes from baseline over the range of the five filters per log stray light unit were as follows: SAP, 2.177; SWAP, 1.96; FDP, 1.277; and GRP, 1.04. conclusions. The increased stray light values induced by cataract-simulating filters has a significant effect on all tests. However, GRP, which is known to be limited by retinal sampling rather than contrast, remains the most robust of the tests to the effects of intraocular stray light. The degree to which the normative “sensitivity” range for different types of perimetry might incorporate a component caused by individual differences in intraocular stray light is discussed and requires further research

Rheumatoid arthritis - treatment: 180. Utility of Body Weight Classified Low-Dose Leflunomide in Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: In Japan, more than 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients died of interstitial pneumonia (IP) caused by leflunomide (LEF) were reported, but many of them were considered as the victims of opportunistic infection currently. In this paper, efficacy and safety of low-dose LEF classified by body weight (BW) were studied. Methods: Fifty-nine RA patients were started to administrate LEF from July 2007 to July 2009. Among them, 25 patients were excluded because of the combination with tacrolimus, and medication modification within 3 months before LEF. Remaining 34 RA patients administered 20 to 50 mg/week of LEF were followed up for 1 year and enrolled in this study. Dose of LEF was classified by BW (50 mg/week for over 50 kg, 40 mg/week for 40 to 50 kg and 20 to 30 mg/week for under 40 kg). The average age and RA duration of enrolled patients were 55.5 years old and 10.2 years. Prednisolone (PSL), methotrexate (MTX) and etanercept were used in 23, 28 and 2 patients, respectively. In case of insufficient response or adverse effect, dosage change or discontinuance of LEF were considered. Failure was defined as dosages up of PSL and MTX, or dosages down or discontinuance of LEF. Last observation carried forward method was used for the evaluation of failed patients at 1 year. Results: At 1 year after LEF start, good/ moderate/ no response assessed by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria using Disease Activity Score, including a 28-joint count (DAS28)-C reactive protein (CRP) were showed in 14/ 10/ 10 patients, respectively. The dosage changes of LEF at 1 year were dosage up: 10, same dosage: 5, dosage down: 8 and discontinuance: 11 patients. The survival rate of patients in this study was 23.5% (24 patients failed) but actual LEF continuous rate was 67.6% (11 patients discontinued) at 1 year. The major reason of failure was liver dysfunction, and pneumocystis pneumonia was occurred in 1 patient resulted in full recovery. One patient died of sepsis caused by decubitus ulcer infection. DAS28-CRP score was decreased from 3.9 to 2.7 significantly. Although CRP was decreased from 1.50 to 0.93 mg/dl, it wasn't significant. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 was decreased from 220.0 to 174.2 ng/ml significantly. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) was increased from 19 to 35 U/l and number of leukocyte was decreased from 7832 to 6271 significantly. DAS28-CRP, CRP, and MMP-3 were improved significantly with MTX, although they weren't without MTX. Increase of GPT and leukopenia were seen significantly with MTX, although they weren't without MTX. Conclusions: It was reported that the risks of IP caused by LEF in Japanese RA patients were past IP history, loading dose administration and low BW. Addition of low-dose LEF is a potent safe alternative for the patients showing unsatisfactory response to current medicines, but need to pay attention for liver function and infection caused by leukopenia, especially with MTX. Disclosure statement: The authors have declared no conflicts of interes

A Conversation with Dr. Tony Breslin on Lessons From Lockdown

As a new school year begins, parents are excited and nervous to send students back into the classroom. To discuss education in this new reality, Lynda and Robyne were delighted to sit down with Dr. Tony Breslin, author of Lessons From Lockdown: The Educational Legacy of COVID-19 in what is set to be a trilogy of lockdown texts, Bubble Schools: The Long Road From Lockdown, which is due to be published by Routledge towards the close of 2021. The third book, Post Pandemic Learning: The Case for Reschooling Society, is due in late 2022. Breslin discusses the key lessons from his research during the pandemic, the importance of looking at the big picture as opposed to looking at issues in absolutes, and how to best approach the upcoming school year to stay innovative in education. Listen to the latest edition of Headstand to start off the school year with inspiring and enlightening lessons from Dr. Breslin! (music by Brian Elder, “Preservation Hall”, widerivermusic.com

Creating citizenship communities: education, young people and the role of schools

This book addresses what is globally acknowledged to be one of the most fundamental and pressing concerns in contemporary society: the ways in which education can help young people understand - and play a full and active part - in contemporary society. On the basis of a national project funded by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation and conducted as part of a partnership between the National Foundation of Educational Research and the Department of Education at the University of York, UK, the authors analyse data from young people and teachers to explore what they understand by citizenship and community and what they currently do, and would like to do, to promote more effective learning and engagement. On the basis of this research the authors make recommendations to enhance levels of understanding and opportunities for engagement in citizenship communities

The Robustness of Various Forms of Perimetry to Different Levels of Induced Intraocular Stray Light

PURPOSE: To compare directly the robustness of standard automated perimetry (SAP), short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), frequency-doubling perimetry (FDP), and grating-resolution perimetry (GRP) stimuli to different degrees of intraocular stray light induced by commercially available opacity-containing filters. METHODS: Five white opacity filters of increasing density were used to simulate the typical forward light scatter and stray light values associated with age-related lens opacification and significant cataract. The individually induced intraocular stray light value for each filter was quantified with a stray light meter and plotted against individual perimetric thresholds for the right eyes of three normally sighted trained observers for SAP, SWAP, FDP, and GRP. RESULTS: All tests were significantly but differently affected by increasing stray light. Overall average declines over a 1 log unit change in the stray light values were as follows: SAP, 4.85 dB; SWAP, 9.03 dB; FDP, 4.29 dB; and GRP, 1.36 dB. Standardized (z) scores were calculated after normalization to the spread of the normative data values for each instrument. These indicated that the standardized changes from baseline over the range of the five filters per log stray light unit were as follows: SAP, 2.177; SWAP, 1.96; FDP, 1.277; and GRP, 1.04. CONCLUSIONS: The increased stray light values induced by cataract-simulating filters has a significant effect on all tests. However, GRP, which is known to be limited by retinal sampling rather than contrast, remains the most robust of the tests to the effects of intraocular stray light. The degree to which the normative "sensitivity" range for different types of perimetry might incorporate a component caused by individual differences in intraocular stray light is discussed and requires further research

A systematic review and behaviour change technique analysis of remotely delivered alcohol and/or substance misuse interventions for adults.

BACKGROUND: There has been a lack of systematic exploration of remotely delivered intervention content and their effectiveness for behaviour change outcomes. This review provides a synthesis of the behaviour change techniques (BCT) contained in remotely delivered alcohol and/or substance misuse approaches and their association with intervention promise. METHODS: Searches in MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO (ProQuest), and the Cochrane Library, included studies reporting remote interventions focusing on alcohol and/or substance misuse among adults, with a primary behaviour change outcome (e.g., alcohol levels consumed). Assessment of risk of bias, study promise, and BCT coding was conducted. Synthesis focussed on the association of BCTs with intervention effectiveness using promise ratios. RESULTS: Studies targeted alcohol misuse (52 studies) or substance misuse (10 studies), with predominantly randomised controlled trial designs and asynchronous digital approaches. For alcohol misuse studies, 16 were very promising, 17 were quite promising, and 13 were not promising. Of the 36 eligible BCTs, 28 showed potential promise, with seven of these only appearing in very or quite promising studies. Particularly promising BCTs were 'Avoidance/reducing exposure to cues for behaviour', 'Pros and cons' and 'Self-monitoring of behaviour'. For substance misuse studies, three were very promising and six were quite promising, with all 12 BCTs showing potential promise. CONCLUSIONS: This review showed remotely delivered alcohol and substance misuse interventions can be effective and highlighted a range of BCTs that showed promise for improving services. However, concerns with risk of bias and the potential of promise ratios to inflate effectiveness warrant caution in interpreting the evidence