La science française au Crystal Palace

L’exposition de Londres de 1851 inaugure l’ère des grandes expositions universelles. Vitrines de la civilisation industrielle, apothéoses de la société bourgeoise et de ses conquêtes, ces manifestations présentent les progrès des sciences de des techniques grâce à des milliers d’instruments et de machines. En 1851, la participation de la France dans le domaine de l’industrie de précision est très importante et les britanniques sont étonnés de voir qu’ils ne sont plus les seuls capables de produire d’excellents instruments scientifiques. Après des décennies de quasi-monopole, la Grande-Bretagne doit faire face à une concurrence française de plus en plus forte. Cette situation, qui va amorcer des débats sur l’état de l’industrie et du système éducatif britannique, montre les grand progrès fait par les constructeurs français (essentiellement parisiens) à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle.The “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations” of 1851 inaugurated in London the era of the world fairs. These events were the most spectacular representations of Western civilization, of the bourgeois society and its achievements. Thousands of machines and instruments, which were displayed in the Crystal Palace, illustrated the technological and scientific progress of the industrial age. The presence of Parisian instrument makers was very important and the British were surprised to see that, they had lost a long-lasting predominance in the field of precision industry. This situation, which showed the remarkable progresses done by the French instrument makers since the end of the 18th century, triggered a series of debates on the state of British industry and educational system

Mechanisms of ubiquitin transfer by the anaphase-promoting complex

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a ubiquitin-protein ligase required for the completion of mitosis in all eukaryotes. Recent mechanistic studies reveal how this remarkable enzyme combines specificity in substrate binding with flexibility in ubiquitin transfer, thereby allowing the modification of multiple lysines on the substrate as well as specific lysines on ubiquitin itself

The Palermo Merz Equatorial Telescope: an instrument, a manuscript, some drawings

A manuscript by Georg and Sigmund Merz dated 1862 and containing instructions for assembling the equatorial telescope acquired by the Palermo Observatory is conserved in the archives of the Museo Astronomico e Copernicano in Rome. It is a rare document that reveals “tricks of the trade” and technical knowledge not usually included in textbooks or treatises. It was sent to the Palermo Observatory as an aid to the installation of the telescope, which made a signal contribution to the development of solar physics in Italy in the 19th century. Based on the study of unpublished sources (consisting of texts and drawings), the history of the instrument has been retraced. This paper presents a detailed description of the Merz manuscript (including a complete transcript) and some technical drawings recently discovered in the archives of the Palermo Observatory

Housing densification in existing housing cooperatives in Groruddalen

Denne oppgaven søker å svare på følgende problemstillinger: Hvordan kan ubebygd borettslagsareal i Groruddalen bidra til å dekke boligbehovet i Oslo? og Hvordan kan profesjonelle utbyggere drive lønnsom boligutvikling på slike arealer? Det er et behov for flere boliger i Oslo, og et underskudd i tilførselen av nye boliger. Store utbyggingsområder nærmer seg ferdig utbygget, og det er nødvendig å finne nye arealer som egner seg for boligbygging. I Groruddalen finnes det mange borettslag, med store utearealer og parkeringsområder. En boligfortetting på disse arealene kan bidra til å løse deler av dagens etterspørsel etter boliger, og samtidig gi borettslagene store inntekter. I tidligere forskning er det tatt utgangspunkt i at fortetting skal gjennomføres av borettslagene selv, og det er kartlagt store utfordringer rundt dette. Denne oppgaven tar derfor utgangspunkt i at en slik fortetting gjennomføres av profesjonelle utviklere og har som mål å teste om dette er en kommersielt bærekraftig modell.This thesis aims to investigate how unbuilt land in housing cooperatives in Groruddalen can contribute to meeting the housing needs of Oslo, and how professional housing developers can use this opportunity for profitable business. There is a housing need in Oslo, and the supply of new homes is too low. Areas used for housing development in Oslo are almost fully developed and there is a need to look for new areas to build. In Groruddalen there are many housing cooperatives with big areas used as outdoor spaces and parking. Densification on this unused land can contribute to the need for housing and at the same time result in major incomes for the housing themselves, leading to several challenges. This thesis aims to study how this process can be controlled by professional real estate developers.M-EUT

Increasing hematocrit above 28% during early resuscitative phase is not associated with decreased mortality following severe traumatic brain injury

Background: To prevent iatrogenic damage, transfusions of red blood cells should be avoided. For this, specific and reliable transfusion triggers must be defined. To date, the optimal hematocrit during the initial operating room (OR) phase is still unclear in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that hematocrit values exceeding 28%, the local hematocrit target reached by the end of the initial OR phase, resulted in more complications, increased mortality, and impaired recovery compared to patients in whom hematocrit levels did not exceed 28%. Methods: Impact of hematocrit (independent variable) reached by the end of the OR phase on mortality and morbidity determined by the extended Glasgow outcome scale (eGOS; dependent variables) was investigated retrospectively in 139 TBI patients. In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify additional important variables. Findings: Following severe TBI, mortality and morbidity were neither aggravated by hematocrit above 28% reached by the end of the OR phase nor worsened by the required transfusions. Upon multiple logistic regression analysis, eGOS was significantly influenced by the highest intracranial pressure and the lowest cerebral perfusion pressure values during the initial OR phase. Conclusions: Based on this retrospective observational analysis, increasing hematocrit above 28% during the initial OR phase following severe TBI was not associated with improved or worsened outcome. This questions the need for aggressive transfusion management. Prospective analysis is required to determine the lowest acceptable hematocrit value during the OR phase which neither increases mortality nor impairs recovery. For this, a larger caseload and early monitoring of cerebral metabolism and oxygenation are indispensabl

Identification of the phosphorylation sites on the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino that are critical for activation by IRAK1 and IRAK4

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino can be activated by phosphorylation in vitro, catalyzed by IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) or IRAK4. Here, we show that phosphorylation enhances the E3 ligase activity of Pellino 1 similarly with any of several E2-conjugating enzymes (Ubc13-Uev1a, UbcH4, or UbcH5a/5b) and identify 7 amino acid residues in Pellino 1 whose phosphorylation is critical for activation. Five of these sites are clustered between residues 76 and 86 (Ser-76, Ser-78, Thr-80, Ser-82, and Thr-86) and decorate a region of antiparallel β-sheet, termed the “wing,” which is an appendage of the forkhead-associated domain that is thought to interact with IRAK1. The other 2 sites are located at Thr-288 and Ser-293, just N-terminal to the RING-like domain that carries the E3 ligase activity. Unusually, the full activation of Pellino 1 can be achieved by phosphorylating any one of several different sites (Ser-76, Thr-86, Thr-288, or Ser-293) or a combination of other sites (Ser-78, Thr-80, and Ser-82). These observations imply that dephosphorylation of multiple sites is required to inactivate Pellino 1, which could be a device for prolonging Pellino's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vivo

Hsp90–Sgt1 and Skp1 target human Mis12 complexes to ensure efficient formation of kinetochore–microtubule binding sites

The Hsp90–Sgt1 chaperone and the ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp1 regulate the assembly and turnover of the kinetochore complex Mis12