3,605 research outputs found
The Development of New Concepts for Assessing Reproductive Toxicity Applicable to Large Scale Toxicological Programmes
Large scale toxicological testing programmes which are currently ongoing such as the new European chemical legislation REACH require the development of new integrated testing strategies rather than applying traditional testing schemes to thousands of chemicals. The current practice of requiring in vivo testing for every possible adverse effect endanger the success of these programmes due (i) to limited testing facilities and sufficient capacity of scientific/technical knowledge for reproductive toxicity; (ii) an unacceptable number of laboratory animals involved (iii) an intolerable number of chemicals classified as false positive.
A key aspect of the implementation of new testing strategies is the determination of prevalence of reproductive toxicity in the universe of industrial chemicals. Prevalences are relevant in order to be aware on the expected rate of false classification during the toxicological testing and to implement appropriate measures for their avoidance. Furthermore, a detailed understanding on the subendpoints affected by reproductive toxicants and the underlying mechanisms will lead to more science based testing strategies integrating alternative methods without compromising the protection of consumers
SPUTTER DEPTH PROFILING OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES USING SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY
The technique of sputter depth profiling by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry
of samples with high resistivity is reviewed. As examples we discuss optical waveguides made
in lithium niobate by titanium indiffusion and implantation and also yttrium iron garnet
waveguides grown by liquid phase epitaxy on gadolinium gallium garnet. Depth profiling of
these waveguide structures has been performed and the necessary precautions to prevent
charging by the primary ion beam are discussed. In some cases, coating with a metallic layer
is adequate, but a more universal method is charge neutralization by an additional electron
beam
No asymmetric outflows from Sagittarius A* during the pericenter passage of the gas cloud G2
The gas cloud G2 falling toward Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the supermassive
black hole at the center of the Milky Way, is supposed to provide valuable
information on the physics of accretion flows and the environment of the black
hole. We observed Sgr A* with four European stations of the Global Millimeter
Very Long Baseline Interferometry Array (GMVA) at 86 GHz on 1 October 2013 when
parts of G2 had already passed the pericenter. We searched for possible
transient asymmetric structure -- such as jets or winds from hot accretion
flows -- around Sgr A* caused by accretion of material from G2. The
interferometric closure phases remained zero within errors during the
observation time. We thus conclude that Sgr A* did not show significant
asymmetric (in the observer frame) outflows in late 2013. Using simulations, we
constrain the size of the outflows that we could have missed to ~2.5 mas along
the major axis, ~0.4 mas along the minor axis of the beam, corresponding to
approximately 232 and 35 Schwarzschild radii, respectively; we thus probe
spatial scales on which the jets of radio galaxies are suspected to convert
magnetic into kinetic energy. As probably less than 0.2 Jy of the flux from Sgr
A* can be attributed to accretion from G2, one finds an effective accretion
rate eta*Mdot < 1.5*10^9 kg/s ~ 7.7*10^-9 Mearth/yr for material from G2.
Exploiting the kinetic jet power--accretion power relation of radio galaxies,
one finds that the rate of accretion of matter that ends up in jets is limited
to Mdot < 10^17 kg/s ~ 0.5 Mearth/yr, less than about 20% of the mass of G2.
Accordingly, G2 appears to be largely stable against loss of angular momentum
and subsequent (partial) accretion at least on time scales < 1 year.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table; A&A Letter, in press (submitted 2015
February 26; accepted 2015 March 31
Compact Tm-doped fibre laser pumped by a 1600 nm Er-doped fibre laser designed for environmental gas sensing
In this work, the compact all-fibre linear Erbium (Er)-doped fibre lasers, operating at wavelengths of 1584 nm and 1600 nm have been described and optimized, with an aim to achieve better pumping conditions for a Thulium (Tm)-doped fibre laser. Optimization of the system has been carried out involving the studies on the different lengths of the Er-doped fibre and the different grating pairs used to achieve 173.5 mW of laser power at 1600 nm under bidirectional pumping at 980 nm. The designed Er-doped fibre laser at 1600 nm has been utilized successfully to pump longer wavelength Tm-doped fibre laser. The obtained laser power (output of Tm-doped fibre laser) of 35.5 mW at 1874 nm and 10.6 mW at 1995 nm is effective for environmental gas sensing, as these wavelengths align well with the absorption spectra of greenhouse gases such as CO2. The laser offers high power (tens of milliWatts), good directionality and a compact overall packaging with the diode pumping, making them ideally suited to âin-the-fieldâ use
5 year Global 3-mm VLBI survey of Gamma-ray active blazars
The Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) is a network of 14 3\,mm and 7\,mm capable
telescopes spanning Europe and the United States, with planned extensions to
Asia. The array is capable of sensitive maps with angular resolution often
exceeding 50\,as. Using the GMVA, a large sample of prominent -ray
blazars have been observed approximately 6 monthly from later 2008 until now.
Combining 3\,mm maps from the GMVA with near-in-time 7\,mm maps from the
VLBA-BU-BLAZAR program and 2\,cm maps from the MOJAVE program, we determine the
sub-pc morphology and high frequency spectral structure of -ray
blazars. The magnetic field strength can be estimated at different locations
along the jet under the assumption of equipartition between magnetic field and
relativistic particle energies. Making assumptions on the jet magnetic field
configuration (e.g. poloidal or toroidal), we can estimate the separation of
the mm-wave "core" and the jet base, and estimate the strength of the magnetic
field there. The results of this analysis show that on average, the magnetic
field strength decreases with a power-law , .
This suggests that on average, the mm-wave "core" is \,pc downstream
of the de-projected jet apex and that the magnetic field strength is of the
order \,kG, broadly consistent with the predictions of
magnetic jet launching (e.g. via magnetically arrested disks (MAD)).Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
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"All-fiber" tunable laser in the 2 mu m region, designed for CO2 detection
A stable and tunable thulium-doped âall-fiberâ laser offering a narrow linewidth has been created specifically to act as a compact and simple laser source for gaseous CO2 detection. This has been done through a careful design to match the laser output wavelengths to the CO2 absorption lines at 1.875 and 1.997 ÎŒm, respectively. A sustainable output power of 11 mW over a tuning range of 7 nm has been obtained by using a combination of a high-reflective fiber Bragg grating with a low-reflective broadband mirror, fabricated at the end of the fiber through silver film deposition. The tuning was achieved using the relaxation-compression mechanism of the fiber Bragg grating, which formed an integral part of the laser resonant cavity. A fiber Bragg grating at 1.548 ÎŒm was utilized as a wavelength reference to monitor the tuning of the laser output over the 2 ÎŒm wavelength range with a simple and inexpensive interrogator, to avoid the use of an expensive optical spectrum analyzer and to facilitate âin-the-fieldâ operation. This âall-fiberâ laser resonator has been shown to be superior in terms of laser tuning range, output power, and linewidth compared to that created with a fiber Bragg grating pair, which was limited by the nonuniform strain transfer to both fiber Bragg gratings
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Fibre optic humidity sensor designed for highly alkaline environments
This paper presents the design of a sensor packaging for a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) based fibre optic humidity sensor. The evaluation of the developed fibre optic sensor was performed under experimental conditions and verified its capability to withstand highly alkaline environments. Therefore, the sensor can be applied to monitor the concrete humidity level and thus to indicate the maintenance of concrete structures
ISO observations of a sample of Compact Steep Spectrum and GHz Peaked Spectrum Radio Galaxies
We present results from observations obtained with ISOPHOT, on board the ISO
satellite, of a representative sample of seventeen CSS/GPS radio galaxies and
of a control sample of sixteen extended radio galaxies spanning similar ranges
in redshift (0.2 = 10^26 W/Hz).
The observations have been performed at lambda = 60, 90, 174 and 200 microns.
Seven of the CSS/GPS sources have detections >= 3 sigma at one or more
wavelengths, one of which is detected at >= 5 sigma. By co-adding the data we
have obtained average flux densities at the four wavelengths. We found no
evidence that the FIR luminosities of the CSS/GPS sources are significantly
different from those of the extended objects and therefore there is not any
support for CSS/GPS sources being objects "frustrated" by an abnormally dense
ambient medium. The two samples were then combined, providing FIR information
on a new sample of radio galaxies at intermediate redshifts. We compare this
information with what previously known from IRAS and discuss the average
properties of radio galaxies in the redshift range 0.2 - 0.8. The FIR emission
cannot be accounted for by extrapolation of the synchrotron radio spectrum and
we attribute it to thermal dust emission. The average FIR luminosity is >=
6*10^11 L_sun. Over the observed frequency range the infrared spectrum can be
described by a power law with spectral index alpha >~1.0 +/- 0.2. Assuming the
emission to be due to dust, a range of temperatures is required, from >=80 K to
\~25 K. The dust masses required to explain the FIR emission range from 5*10^5
M_sun for the hotter component up to 2*10^8 M_sun for the colder one.
(abridged)Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press, 16 pages, 2 Figure
Highly directionally spread, overturning breaking waves modelled with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A case study involving the Draupner wave
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