Unravelling the complexity of domestication:A case study using morphometrics and ancient DNA analyses of archaeological pigs from Romania

Funding statement. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/F003382/1) and the Leverhulme Trust (F/00 128/AX) Acknowledgements. Archaeozoological analyses conducted by A. Ba˘la˘s¸escu were supported by three grants from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS UEFISCDI (PN-II-RU-TE-20113-0146, PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0982 and PN-IIID-PCE-2011-3-1015). We thank the archeologists Ca˘ta˘lin Bem, Alexandru Dragoman, Valentin Dumitras¸cu, Laura Dietrich, Raluca Koga˘lniceanu, Cristian Micu, Sta˘nica Pandrea, Valentin Parnic, George Trohani, Valentina Voinea for the material they generously provided. We thank the many institutions and individuals that provided sample material and access to collections, especially the curators of the Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Berlin; Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Muse´um d’Histoire Naturelle, Gene`ve; Museum fu¨r Haustierkunde, Halle; National Museum of Natural History, Washington; The Field Museum, Chicago and The American Museum of Natural History, New York; The Naturhistorisches Museum, BernPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Contribution archéozoologique à la connaissance de la fonction des grands sites de terrasse du Chasséen récent (début du 4e millénaire avant J.-C.) de la moyenne vallée du Rhone, dans leur contexte de Méditerranée Nord-occidentale

L'objectif de ce travail était de contribuer à la compréhension de la fonction des grands établissements de terrasse (les Moulins à Saint Paul-Trois-Château, la Roberte à Chateauneuf-du-Rhône, le gournier à Montélimar) pour les sociétés chasséennes rhodaniennes du début du 4e millénnaire avant J.-C. Pour ce faire, nous avons cherché, pour la première fois sur ce type de site, à mettre en jeu un grand nombre de marqueurs archéozoologiques, afin d'obtenir une image fine des pratiques et des activités de subsistance qu'ils accueillaient et de leur rôle dans le système pastoral chasséen. Cette approche a été complétée par une recension des données archéozoologiques disponibles pour les sites de plein air du Néolithique ancien et moyen de Méditerranée nord-occidentale ainsi que des hypothèses quand à leur fonction. Cette approche nous a permis en premier lieu de renouveler l'image archéozoologique du Chasséen méridional. Nous avons d'autre part montré que le système pastoral rhodanien s'appuyait, au Chassén récent sur différents types de sites, aux fonctionalités distinctes et complémentaires, dont les grottes, les grands établissements étudiés mais également d'autres sites, actuellement inconnus du point de vue archéolozoologique.Cette approche a également permis de renforcer l'hypothèse selon laquelle les sites de terrasse rhodaniens ont joué le rôle de place centrale du territoire où convergeaient différents groupes chasséens. Les pratiques pastorales mises en évidence sur ces grands sites semblent par ailleurs refléter des lieux de vie temporaires, suggérant une mobilités des sociétés rhodaniennes au Chasséen récent. L'extrême variabilité des pratiques impliquant les animaux indique en outre que les trois sites abritaient différentes activités, économiques, symboliques et sociales ; la dimension funéraire ne semble être, à la lumière de nos résultats, qu'une simple composante de leur utilisation. Certaines pratiques inhabituelles apparaissaient inédites dans le Néolithique ancien et moyen d'Europe du Sud-ouest : repas collectifs récurrents impliquant la consommation de viande de chiens, façonnage et dépôt d'Europe du sud-ouest : repas collectifs récurrents impliquant la consommation de viande de chien, façonnage et dépôt d astragales de bovins, abrasion d incisives de bovins.The objective of this study was to contribute to a better definition of the function of the large open air sites (Les Moulins at Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, la Roberte at Châteauneuf-du-Rhône, Le Gournier at Montélimar) of the Rhône Chassean societies in the beginning of the 4th millennium BC. For the very first time for this type of site, a large number of archaeozoological tools were combined in order to describe the practices and subsistence activities that were taking place at the sites and to define their exact function in the Chassean pastoral system. This approach was completed by a critical analysis of the archaezoological data available for the open air sites of the early and middle Neolithic of the north-western Mediterranean area in relation to their hypothetical function.First, this approach led to a new archaezoological picture of the southern Chasséen. It was also shown that during the late Chasséen the Rhône pastoral system was organised over a web of sites of different kind and with distinct and complementary functions, including caves, the studies large open air settlements but also other sites currently not identified from the archaeozoological. This multimethodological approach confirmed the hypothesis according to which the Rhône large open air sites played the role of central place in the territory, where were converging different Chassean communitites. Moreover, the pastoral practices highlighted in these large sites reflected temporary settlements, suggesting mobility of the late Chassean societies. The extreme diversity of practices involving relationship between men and animals indicates that both economical, symbolical and social activities were taking place at these sites ; from the archaezoological data, the funerary function of the sites seems to be no more than one component of the occupation. Some unusual practices were described for the first time in south western Europe for early and middle Neolithic, including the deposit of worked bovine talus, collective meals involving dogs consumption and the artificial wear of faunal remains (bovine incisors).PARIS-Museum Hist.Naturelle (751052304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Data from: The evolution of dual meat and milk cattle husbandry in Linearbandkeramik societies

Cattle dominate archaeozoological assemblages from the north-central Europe between the sixth and fifth millennium BC and are frequently considered as exclusively used for their meat. Dairy products may have played a greater role than previously believed. Selective pressure on the lactase persistence mutation has been modelled to have begun between 6000 and 4000 years ago in central Europe. The discovery of milk lipids in late sixth millennium ceramic sieves in Poland may reflect an isolated regional peculiarity for cheese making or may signify more generalized milk exploitation in north-central Europe during the Early Neolithic. To investigate these issues, we analysed the mortality profiles based on age-at-death analysis of cattle tooth eruption, wear and replacement from 19 archaeological sites of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture (sixth to fifth millennium BC). The results indicate that cattle husbandry was similar across time and space in the LBK culture with a degree of specialization for meat exploitation in some areas. Statistical comparison with reference age-at-death profiles indicate that mixed husbandry (milk and meat) was practised, with mature animals being kept. The analysis provides a unique insight into LBK cattle husbandry and how it evolved in later cultures in central and western Europe. It also opens a new perspective on how and why the Neolithic way of life developed through continental Europe and how dairy products became a part of the human diet

modern and ancient dog mt sequence (HVR1)

modern and ancient dog mt sequence (HVR1

ESM2

R_code for generation of the mortality profiles and Dirichlet simulations for correspondence analysis

ESM1: Mortality data based on dental eruption, replacement and wear stages.

Mortality data and site information for Apc-Berekalja (APC), Füzseabony-Gubakút (FUZ), Polgár-Piócási-dűlő (PPIO), Polgár-Ferenci-hát (PFER), Polgár-Csőszhalom-dűlő (PCSO), Tĕšetice-Kyjovice (TES), Hostivice-Sadová (HOS), Chotěbudice phase IIa (CHO1), Chotěbudice phase IIb (CHO2), Chotěbudice phase IIc-IIIa (CHO3), Chotěbudice phase IIIa-IIIb (CHO4), Černý Vůl (CER), Ludwinowo phase IIb (LUD1), Ludwinowo III (LUD2), Mold (MOLD), Eilsleben (EIL), Stephansposching (STE), Dillingen-Steinheim (WIK), Rosheim (ROS), Bischoffsheim (BIS1, 2, 3, 4), Herxheim-settlement (HEXs), Herxheim-ditch (HEXd), Etigny (ETI) and Balloy (BAL). Mortality data for the four production models (post-lactation and intensive milk, and meat) based on the archaeological sites: Bercy, Popină-Borduşani, Grimes Graves and La Montagne

ESM: Mortality profiles from sites

Supplementary figures: Mortality profiles from Apc-Berekalja, Füzseabony-Gubakút, Polgár-Piócási-dűlő, Polgár-Ferenci-hát, Polgár-Csőszhalom-dűlő (Hungary), Hostivice-Sadová, Chotěbudice, Černý Vůl, Tĕšetice-Kyjovice( Czech republic), Ludwinowo (Poland), Mold, Elisleben, Stephansposching, Dillingen-Steinheim, Herxheim (Germany), Rosheim, Balloy and Bischoffsheim (France)

Data from: Dogs accompanied humans during the Neolithic expansion into Europe

Near Eastern Neolithic farmers introduced several species of domestic plants and animals as they dispersed into Europe. Dogs were the only domestic species present in both Europe and the Near East prior to the Neolithic. Here, we assessed whether early Near Eastern dogs possessed a unique mitochondrial lineage that differentiated them from Mesolithic European populations. We then analysed mitochondrial DNA sequences from 99 ancient European and Near-Eastern dogs spanning the Upper Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age to assess if incoming farmers brought Near Eastern dogs with them, or instead primarily adopted indigenous European dogs after they arrived. Our results show that European pre-Neolithic dogs all possessed the mitochondrial haplogroup C, and that the Neolithic and Post-Neolithic dogs associated with farmers from Southeastern Europe mainly possessed haplogroup D. Thus, the appearance of haplogroup D most likely resulted from the dissemination of dogs from the Near East into Europe. In Western and Northern Europe, the turnover is incomplete and C haplogroup persists well into the Chalcolithic at least. These results suggest that dogs were an integral component of the Neolithic farming package and a mitochondrial lineage associated with the Near East was introduced into Europe alongside pigs, cows, sheep, and goats. It got diluted into the native dog population when reaching the Western and Northern margins of Europe