Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an Energy Storage System Design and Fuzzy Logic Supervision for Battery Electric Vehicles

This chapter presents a methodology to optimize the capacity and power of the ultracapacitor (UC) energy storage device and also the fuzzy logic supervision strategy for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) equipped with electrochemical battery (EB). The aim of the optimization was to prolong the EB life and consequently to permit financial economies for the end-user of the BEV. Eight variables were used in the optimization process: two variables that control the energy storage capacity and power of the UC device and six variables that change the membership functions of the fuzzy logic supervisor. The results of the optimization, using a genetic algorithm from MATLAB®, are showing an increase of the financial economy of 16%

Fuzzy Logic Energy Management for a Residential Power System Using Renewable Energy Sources

A fuzzy logic energy management algorithm is proposed for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic (PV) power generation unit, an electric vehicle battery, and a heat pump for household applications. The proposed concept refers to two independent power systems—a light electric vehicle and a household that interact through light, interchangeable batteries; moreover, they are powered from a renewable energy system comprising PV panels, wind generator, and appropriate MPPT-based converters. The main features of the concept are the heat pump load that produces thermal energy, as the main electric load of the system, and the storage element that is alternately used by the vehicle, which can be recharged from renewable sources. The presented algorithm allows the implementation, by means of fuzzy tools, of an appropriate energy management control system in order to obtain maximum utilization of the renewable energy. The results show that most of the energy required to charge the battery and to feed the heat pump can be covered from renewable sources

Etude du système de conversion électromécanique d'une microcentrale hydroélectrique à vitesse variable

The interest for renewable energy is growing every day, globally. The European Union's objective is to increase, by year 2020, the production of electrical energy from renewable sources with 20% of the total energy consumption. With this aim, the majority of countries have decided to reduce the gas emissions responsible for the greenhouse effect. This decision implies the using reduction of the fossil fuel (oil, coal, natural gas) based power plants and increasing use of the renewable based power plants like micro-hydropower plants. The micro-hydro has a great potential of development, and will have an important role in the future of renewable energy production, the applications pointed are the electric energy supply of the remote areas or connected to power network in association with other renewable energy production units like wind power plants. The aim of this thesis is to develop theoretical and experimental (on the test bench) the structure of a micro-hydropower plant with variable speed. The system consists of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) linked mechanically and electrically (through back-to-back power electronic converters in the rotor circuit) to a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). This study concerns the aspects about the electrical machines control, islanded operation and connection to power grid and also the association with other renewable energy sources. The association with a fixed speed wind generator was studied. In addition, a storage device with supercapacitors was added having the role to increase the penetration rate into the islanded or strong power grids.L'intérêt pour les énergies renouvelables croît continuellement dans le monde. L'objectif de l'Union Européenne est d'attendre à l'horizon 2020 une production de 20% de la consommation énergétique totale à partir des énergies renouvelables. Donc, la vaste majorité des pays ont décidé de réduire les émissions de gaz responsables de l'augmentation de l'effet de serre. Cette décision présume la réduction de la consommation en énergie fossile (gaz naturel, pétrole, charbon, etc.) au profit des énergies renouvelables dont fait partie l'énergie obtenue dans les microcentrales hydroélectriques. La petite hydraulique possède un fort potentiel de développement et on prévoit qu'elle tiendra une place importante dans la production électrique future par énergies renouvelables, les applications visées étant l'alimentation de sites isolés, non électrifiés, ainsi que la fourniture d'appoint au réseau interconnecté, notamment par association avec d'autre sources renouvelable comme l'éolien par exemple. Le but de la thèse concerne l'étude théorique et expérimentale (sur un banc d'essais) de la structure d'une microcentrale hydroélectrique à vitesse variable. Le système est constitue par une machine asynchrone à double alimentation (MADA), excitée, au rotor par une machine synchrone à aimants permanents (MSAP) ; ces deux machine étant montées sur le même arbre. Deux convertisseurs à MLI, réversibles, réalisent la connexion électrique entre les deux machines. Cette étude concerne les aspects liés à la commande des machines électriques, le fonctionnement de la microcentrale en îlotage et en débit sur un réseau puissant et l'association à d'autres sources décentralisés de production. L'association avec une centrale éolienne à vitesse fixe a été étudiée. En plus, on a ajuté un dispositif de stockage à supercondensateurs ayant le rôle d'augmentation de la capacité de pénétration dans le réseaux îlots ou puissantes

Chapter Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an Energy Storage System Design and Fuzzy Logic Supervision for Battery Electric Vehicles

This chapter presents a methodology to optimize the capacity and power of the ultracapacitor (UC) energy storage device and also the fuzzy logic supervision strategy for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) equipped with electrochemical battery (EB). The aim of the optimization was to prolong the EB life and consequently to permit financial economies for the end-user of the BEV. Eight variables were used in the optimization process: two variables that control the energy storage capacity and power of the UC device and six variables that change the membership functions of the fuzzy logic supervisor. The results of the optimization, using a genetic algorithm from MATLAB®, are showing an increase of the financial economy of 16%

Comparison of Composite Lipid Indices in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a recognised risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, it is difficult to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with OSA due to multiple shared risk factors. Composite lipid indices, such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease better than their individual lipid components. This study aimed to evaluate these indices in patients with OSA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six hundred sixty-seven (667) patients with OSA and 139 non-OSA control volunteers participated in the study. Fasting serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured, and AIP, LAP and VAI were calculated following cardiorespiratory polygraphy. The relationship between lipid parameters, OSA and its comorbidities was evaluated using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: We found a significant difference in all lipid parameters between OSA patients and controls. Comparing ROCs, LAP was significantly more strongly associated with OSA compared to all the other parameters. The optimal cut-off value for LAP to detect OSA was 76.4, with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 76%. In addition, LAP was the best parameter to predict hypertension and diabetes in patients with OSA, and it was predictive for ischaemic heart disease together with HDL-C. CONCLUSION: Our results support the use of LAP in clinical practice when evaluating cardiovascular risk in patients with OSA. However, the optimal cut-off value should be determined in large-scale follow-up studies

Experimental Tests on a Spoke-Type Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machine for Light Electric Vehicle Application

In an attempt to limit the effects of global warming, virtually all car manufacturers have introduced in the last years Hybrid or full Electric Vehicles. The current study shows the experimental testing of a spoke-type PMSM that was developed based on the requirements of the L6e European light vehicle class. A test bench was developed for this purpose, using a DC machine fed by a bidirectional DC Power Supply that allowed the testing of the PMSM prototype both in motor and generator/brake regimes. The Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) was implemented on the control stage of the testing set-up, allowing an accurate estimation of the PMSM-based E-drivetrain performance. The test results validated the FEM-simulated results and provided an insight on the efficiency of the entire drive system (battery–inverter–PMSM) and the autonomy of the L6e light EV. The electric drive system was integrated and tested on a prototype vehicle in normal operating conditions, validating the results obtained on the developed test bench

Ankylosing spondylitis patients display altered dendritic cell and T cell populations that implicate pathogenic roles for the IL-23 cytokine axis and intestinal inflammation

Objective. AS is a systemic inflammatory disease of the SpA family. Polymorphisms at loci including HLA-B27, IL-23R and ERAP-1 directly implicate immune mechanisms in AS pathogenesis. Previously, in an SpA model, we identified HLA-B27–mediated effects on dendritic cells that promoted disease-associated Th17 cells. Here we extend these studies to AS patients using deep immunophenotyping of candidate pathogenic cell populations. The aim of our study was to functionally characterize the immune populations mediating AS pathology. Methods. Using 11-parameter flow cytometry, we characterized the phenotype and functions of lymphocyte and myeloid cells from peripheral blood, and the synovial phenotype of AS patients and age-matched healthy controls. Results. Significantly fewer circulating CD1c-expressing dendritic cells were observed in AS patients, offset by an increase in CD14− CD16+ mononuclear cells. Ex vivo functional analysis revealed that this latter population induced CCR6 expression and promoted secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 when co-cultured with naive CD4+ T cells. Additionally, systemic inflammation in AS patients significantly correlated with increased proportions of activated CCR9+ CD4+ T cells. Conclusion. CD14− CD16+ mononuclear cells may contribute to AS by promoting Th17 responses, and antigen-presenting cells of mucosal origin are likely to contribute to systemic inflammation in AS