A five-dimensional perspective on the Klein-Gordon equation

We discuss the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation using a 5D space-time approach. We explicitly show that the KG equation in flat space-time admits a consistent probabilistic interpretation with positively defined probability density. However, the probabilistic interpretation is not covariant. In the non-relativistic limit, the formalism reduces naturally to that of the Schr\"odinger equation. We further discuss other interpretations of the KG equation (and their non-relativistic limits) resulting from the 5D space-time picture. Finally, we apply our results to the problem of hydrogenic spectra and calculate the canonical sum of the hydrogenic atom.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur

On spinless null propagation in five dimensional space-times with approximate space-like Killing symmetry

Five-dimensional (5D) space-time symmetry greatly facilitates how a 4D observer perceives the propagation of a single spinless particle in a 5D space-time. In particular, if the 5D geometry is independent of the fifth coordinate then the 5D physics may be interpreted as 4D quantum mechanics. In this work we address the case where symmetry is approximate, focusing on the case where the 5D geometry depends weakly on the fifth coordinate. We show that concepts developed for the case of exact symmetry approximately hold when other concepts such as decaying quantum states, resonant quantum scattering and Stokes drag are adopted, as well. We briefly comment on the optical model of the nuclear interactions and Millikan's oil drop experiment.Comment: 6 pages, Typos correcte

HOLON APPROACH IN NEED OF COMPANY RESTRUCTURING

Holon concept of systems theory and systems developed in after 80s of last century. The term holon (Greek: Hales = whole, derived from parts) was taken over by specialists in the field of systems, from the American Professor A. Koestler , who first used in the context of the systems division, talking about systems that operate in other systems. The holon is essentially an operating system under which one or more autonomous systems, integration. The holon is integrative role that optimizes operation and results of embedded systems, limiting excessive generalization of the classical notion of system. This approach assumes that there are quite a few companies in the state of \"vitality\" or less and those who remain in a state of alert and that in most cases, even a viable business, reservations, or to increase the effectiveness of that maintaining this state requires some effort, area businesses in \"difficulty\" or \"vulnerable\" under these conditions is expanding.holon system, restructuring, analysis diagnosis, risk analysis, risk of bankruptcy, stakeholders

The diffusion dynamics of choice: From durable goods markets to fashion first names

Goods, styles, ideologies are adopted by society through various mechanisms. In particular, adoption driven by innovation is extensively studied by marketing economics. Mathematical models are currently used to forecast the sales of innovative goods. Inspired by the theory of diffusion processes developed for marketing economics, we propose, for the first time, a predictive framework for the mechanism of fashion, which we apply to first names. Analyses of French, Dutch and US national databases validate our modelling approach for thousands of first names, covering, on average, more than 50% of the yearly incidence in each database. In these cases, it is thus possible to forecast how popular the first names will become and when they will run out of fashion. Furthermore, we uncover a clear distinction between popularity and fashion: less popular names, typically not included in studies of fashion, may be driven by fashion, as well.Comment: 11 pages, 1 table, 2 figures, 4 pages of supporting informatio

Role of word-of-mouth for programs of voluntary vaccination: A game-theoretic approach

We propose a model describing the synergetic feedback between word-of-mouth (WoM) and epidemic dynamics controlled by voluntary vaccination. We combine a game-theoretic model for the spread of WoM and a compartmental model describing $SIR$ disease dynamics in the presence of a program of voluntary vaccination. We evaluate and compare two scenarios, depending on what WoM disseminates: (1) vaccine advertising, which may occur whether or not an epidemic is ongoing and (2) epidemic status, notably disease prevalence. Understanding the synergy between the two strategies could be particularly important for organizing voluntary vaccination campaigns. We find that, in the initial phase of an epidemic, vaccination uptake is determined more by vaccine advertising than the epidemic status. As the epidemic progresses, epidemic status become increasingly important for vaccination uptake, considerably accelerating vaccination uptake toward a stable vaccination coverage.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

IFRS 8 – OPERATING SEGMENTS

Segment reporting in accordance with IFRS 8 will be mandatory for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. The standards replaces IAS 14, Segment Reporting, from that date.The objective of IFRS 8 is to require: operating segments, reporting of financial information, reportable segments,chief operating decision maker (CODM

Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an Energy Storage System Design and Fuzzy Logic Supervision for Battery Electric Vehicles

This chapter presents a methodology to optimize the capacity and power of the ultracapacitor (UC) energy storage device and also the fuzzy logic supervision strategy for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) equipped with electrochemical battery (EB). The aim of the optimization was to prolong the EB life and consequently to permit financial economies for the end-user of the BEV. Eight variables were used in the optimization process: two variables that control the energy storage capacity and power of the UC device and six variables that change the membership functions of the fuzzy logic supervisor. The results of the optimization, using a genetic algorithm from MATLAB®, are showing an increase of the financial economy of 16%