Thumb reconstruction by grafting skeletonized amputated phalanges and soft tissue cover – A new technique: A case series

This study reports five cases of crush-avulsion injury to the thumb at different levels presented at our plastic and hand surgery unit between 2005 and 2007. All of the patients were male labors with machine injuries to the thumb with non-replantable amputations. Distal phalanx or proximal phalanx, or both, were used as a free cortical bone graft. The amputated part was skeletonized keeping the periosteum attached to the cortical bone of the phalanx fixing it to the stump and covering it by either local flap like dorsal metacarpal flap or regional flaps like the distally based pedicled radial forearm flap and neurovascular island sensate flap or groin flap. The results were functionally and cosmetically good and follow up X rays showed no osteoporotic resorption after one year

Dinámica del contenido de humedad de pastos y su relación con la ecología del fuego en región chaqueña occidental (Argentina)

El fuego es un evento frecuente en la región chaqueña argentina. El contenido de agua (CH, %) es un factor que define la inflamabilidad de los combustibles vegetales y su dinámica temporal puede ser usada para comprender la ecología del fuego en una región, planificar su uso como prescripto; o como un indicador de riesgo para su prevención. En este trabajo se evaluó la dinámica de CH a través del tiempo en tres sitios ecológicos (≈ modelos de combustible) de la región chaqueña, en muestras con Elionorus muticus como especie dominante (sitio bajo, sabana), Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (sitio media loma, parques) y una especie exótica, Panicum máximum cv Gatton (sitio loma, bosque secundario rolado), respectivamente. El CH fue determinado en forma gravimétrica mensualmente en el bajo en 1992; y cada 10-15 días entre mayo 2008 y octubre 2009 en la media loma y la loma. Los datos fueron analizados en forma gráfica y mediante análisis de la varianza empleando estación climática, especie y tiempo cronológico como factores de clasificación. El CH promedio de las especies a través del tiempo presentó una amplitud estacional marcada, entre 4-5% en invierno-primavera y mayor al 150% en verano-otoño. Las especies nativas presentaron un CH significativamente menor que P. maximum y más bajo que el umbral de extinción teórico (CH=30%) indicando que en la región chaqueña, como en otros ecosistemas, las gramíneas y sus formaciones vegetales son el combustible por donde se propaga el fuego. La dinámica temporal de CH podría ser representada por una sinusoide. La correlación entre CH y la máxima humedad relativa entre fechas de muestreo fue significativa. Ambos resultados sugieren que es factible usar funciones matemáticas conocidas y métodos indirectos para predecir CH y la ‘inflamabilidad’ del combustible en las estaciones climáticas, facilitando la predicción del comportamiento de fuego.Fire is a common event in the Chaco region of Argentina. The fuel moisture content (CH, %) is a factor defining flammability. Its changes throughout time could be used as an index of fire risk, to understand fire ecology, and for planning the use of prescribed fire. We assessed CH dynamics in three ecological sites (≈fuel models): samples with Elionorus muticus as dominant species (lowland, savanna); Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (midland, parkand) and an exotic species Panicum máximum cv Gatton (upland, roller-chopped secondary forest). CH was monitored using the gravimetric method every month in the lowland during 1992; and every 10-15 days from May 2008 to October 2009 in the midland and upland sites. Data were analyzed graphically and with analysis of variance using season, chronological time and species as classification factors. The average CH of the species presented a marked seasonal trend, with a large amplitude, from 4-5% in the winter to above 150 % in summer and fall, respectively. The CH of the native species was significantly lower than P. maximum, and also lower than the extinction threshold (CH = 30 %) suggesting that in the Chaco region, as well as in other ecosystems, grasses are the fuel where fire starts and propagate to other plant communities. Correlation between CH and the maximum air relative humidity observed between sampling dates was significant. The latter fact and the sinusoidal pattern of CH suggest that may be feasible the use of known mathematical functions and indirect methods to predict CH, helping in predict fire behavior throughout the seasons.EEA Santiago del EsteroFil: Kunst, Carlos Roberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Roxana Ramona. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Cátedra de Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Defossé, Guillermo E. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Godoy, Jose Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Navarrete, Victor Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Jaime, Napoleon Ar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; Argentin

Dinámica del contenido de humedad de pastos y su relación con la ecología del fuego en región chaqueña occidental (Argentina)

El fuego es un evento frecuente en la región chaqueña argentina. El contenido de agua (CH, %) es un factor que define la inflamabilidad de los combustibles vegetales y su dinámica temporal puede ser usada para comprender la ecología del fuego en una región, planificar su uso como prescripto; o como un indicador de riesgo para su prevención. En este trabajo se evaluó la dinámica de CH a través del tiempo en tres sitios ecológicos (≈ modelos de combustible) de la región chaqueña, en muestras con Elionorus muticus como especie dominante (sitio bajo, sabana), Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (sitio media loma, parques) y una especie exótica, Panicum máximum cv Gatton (sitio loma, bosque secundario rolado), respectivamente. El CH fue determinado en forma gravimétrica mensualmente en el bajo en 1992; y cada 10-15 días entre mayo 2008 y octubre 2009 en la media loma y la loma. Los datos fueron analizados en forma gráfica y mediante análisis de la varianza empleando estación climática, especie y tiempo cronológico como factores de clasificación. El CH promedio de las especies a través del tiempo presentó una amplitud estacional marcada, entre 4-5% en invierno-primavera y mayor al 150% en verano-otoño. Las especies nativas presentaron un CH significativamente menor que P. maximum y más bajo que el umbral de extinción teórico (CH=30%) indicando que en la región chaqueña, como en otros ecosistemas, las gramíneas y sus formaciones vegetales son el combustible por donde se propaga el fuego. La dinámica temporal de CH podría ser representada por una sinusoide. La correlación entre CH y la máxima humedad relativa entre fechas de muestreo fue significativa. Ambos resultados sugieren que es factible usar funciones matemáticas conocidas y métodos indirectos para predecir CH y la ‘inflamabilidad’ del combustible en las estaciones climáticas, facilitando la predicción del comportamiento de fuego.Fire is a common event in the Chaco region of Argentina. The fuel moisture content (CH, %) is a factor defining flammability. Its changes throughout time could be used as an index of fire risk, to understand fire ecology, and for planning the use of prescribed fire. We assessed CH dynamics in three ecological sites (≈fuel models): samples with Elionorus muticus as dominant species (lowland, savanna); Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (midland, parkand) and an exotic species Panicum máximum cv Gatton (upland, roller-chopped secondary forest). CH was monitored using the gravimetric method every month in the lowland during 1992; and every 10-15 days from May 2008 to October 2009 in the midland and upland sites. Data were analyzed graphically and with analysis of variance using season, chronological time and species as classification factors. The average CH of the species presented a marked seasonal trend, with a large amplitude, from 4-5% in the winter to above 150 % in summer and fall, respectively. The CH of the native species was significantly lower than P. maximum, and also lower than the extinction threshold (CH = 30 %) suggesting that in the Chaco region, as well as in other ecosystems, grasses are the fuel where fire starts and propagate to other plant communities. Correlation between CH and the maximum air relative humidity observed between sampling dates was significant. The latter fact and the sinusoidal pattern of CH suggest that may be feasible the use of known mathematical functions and indirect methods to predict CH, helping in predict fire behavior throughout the seasons.EEA Santiago del EsteroFil: Kunst, Carlos Roberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Roxana Ramona. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Cátedra de Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Defossé, Guillermo E. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Godoy, Jose Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Navarrete, Victor Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Jaime, Napoleon Ar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; Argentin

Heartbeat of the Sun from Principal Component Analysis and prediction of solar activity on a millenium timescale

yesWe derive two principal components (PCs) of temporal magnetic field variations over the solar cycles 21–24 from full disk magnetograms covering about 39% of data variance, with σ = 0.67. These PCs are attributed to two main magnetic waves travelling from the opposite hemispheres with close frequencies and increasing phase shift. Using symbolic regeression analysis we also derive mathematical formulae for these waves and calculate their summary curve which we show is linked to solar activity index. Extrapolation of the PCs backward for 800 years reveals the two 350-year grand cycles superimposed on 22 year-cycles with the features showing a remarkable resemblance to sunspot activity reported in the past including the Maunder and Dalton minimum. The summary curve calculated for the next millennium predicts further three grand cycles with the closest grand minimum occurring in the forthcoming cycles 26–27 with the two magnetic field waves separating into the opposite hemispheres leading to strongly reduced solar activity. These grand cycle variations are probed by α − Ω dynamo model with meridional circulation. Dynamo waves are found generated with close frequencies whose interaction leads to beating effects responsible for the grand cycles (350–400 years) superimposed on a standard 22 year cycle. This approach opens a new era in investigation and confident prediction of solar activity on a millenium timescale

Large-scale rollout of extension training in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities for gender-inclusive participation

Despite the recognized importance of women’s participation in agricultural extension services, research continues to show inequalities in women’s participation. Emerging capacities for conducting large-scale extension training using information and communication technologies (ICTs) now afford opportunities for generating the rich datasets needed to analyze situational factors that affect women’s participation. Data was recorded from 1,070 video-based agricultural extension training events (131,073 farmers) in four Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh (Rangpur, Dhaka, Khulna, and Rajshahi). The study analyzed the effect of gender of the trainer, time of the day, day of the week, month of the year, Bangladesh Administrative Division, and venue type on (1) the expected number of extension event attendees and (2) the odds of females attending the event conditioned on the total number of attendees. The study revealed strong gender specific training preferences. Several factors that increased total participation, decreased female attendance (e.g., male-led training event held after 3:30 pm in Rangpur). These findings highlight the dilemma faced by extension trainers seeking to maximize attendance at training events while avoiding exacerbating gender inequalities. The study concludes with a discussion of ways to mitigate gender exclusion in extension training by extending data collection processes, incorporating machine learning to understand gender preferences, and applying optimization theory to increase total participation while concurrently improving gender inclusivity

Ascending central canal dilation and progressive ependymal disruption in a contusion model of rodent chronic spinal cord injury

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to an insidious decline in motor and sensory function in individuals even years after the initial injury and is accompanied by a slow and progressive cytoarchitectural destruction. At present, no pathological mechanisms satisfactorily explain the ongoing degeneration.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized laminectomized at T10 and received spinal cord contusion injuries with a force of 250 kilodynes using an Infinite Horizon Impactor. Animals were randomly distributed into 5 groups and killed 1 (n = 4), 28 (n = 4), 120 (n = 4), 450 (n = 5), or 540 (n = 5) days after injury. Morphometric and immunohistochemical studies were then performed on 1 mm block sections, 6 mm cranial and 6 mm caudal to the lesion epicenter. The SPSS 11.5 t test was used to determine differences between quantitative measures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we document the first report of an ascending central canal dilation and progressive ependymal disruption cranial to the epicenter of injury in a contusion model of chronic SCI, which was characterized by extensive dural fibrosis and intraparenchymal cystic cavitation. Expansion of the central canal lumen beyond a critical diameter corresponded with ependymal cell ciliary loss, an empirically predictable thinning of the ependymal region, and a decrease in cell proliferation in the ependymal region. Large, aneurysmal dilations of the central canal were accompanied by disruptions in the ependymal layer, periependymal edema and gliosis, and destruction of the adjacent neuropil.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Cells of the ependymal region play an important role in CSF homeostasis, cellular signaling and wound repair in the spinal cord. The possible effects of this ascending pathology on ependymal function are discussed. Our studies suggest central canal dilation and ependymal region disruption as steps in the pathogenesis of chronic SCI, identify central canal dilation as a marker of chronic SCI and provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.</p

Gravitational Waves from Gravitational Collapse

Gravitational wave emission from the gravitational collapse of massive stars has been studied for more than three decades. Current state of the art numerical investigations of collapse include those that use progenitors with realistic angular momentum profiles, properly treat microphysics issues, account for general relativity, and examine non--axisymmetric effects in three dimensions. Such simulations predict that gravitational waves from various phenomena associated with gravitational collapse could be detectable with advanced ground--based and future space--based interferometric observatories.Comment: 68 pages including 13 figures; revised version accepted for publication in Living Reviews in Relativity (http://www.livingreviews.org

Growth temperature and genotype both play important roles in sorghum grain phenolic composition.

Polyphenols in sorghum grains are a source of dietary antioxidants. Polyphenols in six diverse sorghum genotypes grown under two day/night temperature regimes of optimal temperature (OT, 32/21 °C and high temperature (HT, 38/21 °C) were investigated. A total of 23 phenolic compounds were positively or tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD-ESIMS. Compared with other pigmented types, the phenolic profile of white sorghum PI563516 was simpler, since fewer polyphenols were detected. Brown sorghum IS 8525 had the highest levels of caffeic and ferulic acid, but apigenin and luteolin were not detected. Free luteolinidin and apigeninidin levels were lower under HT than OT across all genotypes (p ≤ 0.05), suggesting HT could have inhibited 3-deoxyanthocyanidins formation. These results provide new information on the effects of HT on specific polyphenols in various Australian sorghum genotypes, which might be used as a guide to grow high antioxidant sorghum grains under projected high temperature in the future

In vitro characterization and inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis in human uveal melanoma cell lines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>The CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis may play a critical role in guiding CXCR4+ circulating malignant cells to organ specific locations that actively secrete its ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1) such as bone, brain, liver, and lungs. We sought to characterize the presence of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in five uveal melanoma (UM) cell lines in vitro. The ability of TN14003, a synthetic peptide inhibitor that targets the CXCR4 receptor complex, to inhibit this axis was also assessed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Immunocytochemistry was performed against CXCR4 to confirm expression of this chemokine receptor in all five UM cell lines. Flow cytometry was preformed to evaluate CXCR4 cell surface expression on all five UM cell lines. A proliferation assay was also used to test effects TN14003 would have on cellular proliferation. Inhibition of cellular migration by specifically inhibiting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis with TN14003 was also investigated. The binding efficacy of TN14003 to the CXCR4 receptor was assessed through flow cytometric methods.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The CXCR4 receptor was present on all five UM cell lines. All five cell lines expressed different relative levels of surface CXCR4. TN14003 did not affect the proliferation of the five cell lines (p > 0.05). All cell lines migrated towards the chemokine CXCL12 at a level greater than the negative control (p < 0.05). All 5 cell lines pre-incubated with TN14003 prevented cellular migration towards chemokine CXCL12 (p < 0.01). TN14003 preferentially binds CXCR4 to native ligand CXCL12.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Interfering with the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis, using TN14003 was shown to effectively down regulate UM cell migration in vitro. Knowing that UM expresses the CXCR4 receptor, these CXCR4+ cells may be less likely to colonize distant organs that secrete the CXCL12 ligand, if treated with an inhibitor that binds CXCR4. Further studies should be pursued in order to test TN14003 efficacy in vivo.</p