IMAGEM FOTOGRÁFICA COMO FONTE DE INFORMAÇÃO

Este trabalho versa sobre o uso da fotografia como fonte de informação. Através de um levantamento histórico, busca-se enfatizar a importância da fotografia nos estudos, compreendendo a imagem não somente como a captura de um acontecimento para ser guardado e lembrado, mas como um instrumento que através de seu conteúdo transmite informação capaz de fornecer diversos conhecimentos a partir de um olhar minucioso sobre o mesmo. Baseado na bibliografia disponível e nos trabalhos citados neste artigo, conclui que, ao longo do tempo, a fotografia tem sido cada vez mais incorporada às mais diversas áreas como fonte de pesquisa e informação para estudantes e pesquisadores

Osseointegration bei dentalen Implantaten : eine Literaturübersicht und -auswertung

Die Osseointegration in der dentalen Implantologie wurde anhand einer Literaturübersicht dargestellt und ausgewertet. Die Literaturübersicht beinhaltet Verlaufsstudien, in vitro und in vivo Studien, die ultrastrukturelle, biomechanische und biochemische Untersuchungen und deren Resultate aufzeigen. Im 1. Kapitel wurden die Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Implantaterfolges dargestellt. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass nicht nur ein Implantatverlust als Misserfolg zu bewerten ist, sondern auch klinische und röntgenologische Erfolgskriterien eine Rolle spielen. Die Mobilität, der Knochenabbau, Entzündungsreaktionen, Schädigungen von anatomischen Strukturen und die Funktionstüchtigkeit des Implantates werden mitbewertet. Im 2. Kapitel wurden die Voraussetzungen für die Erzielung der Osseointegration aufgezeigt. Zu diesen gehören die Physiologie der Knochenheilung, die Implantatwerkstoffe, das operative Vorgehen und die Einheilungsphase. Der Vorgang der Knochenheilung, speziell der primären Frakturheilung, wird der Implantateinheilung gleichgesetzt. Dies bedeutet, dass ein ausreichender belastungsfreier Zeitraum für die Implantateinheilung einzuhalten ist. Bei den Implantatwerkstoffen wurden die Metalle und die Keramiken verglichen. Der Implantatwerkstoff der Wahl ist aufgrund seiner mechanischen und biokompatiblen Eigenschaften das Titan. Andere Materialien, wie z.B. Tantal und Hydroxylapatit, haben sich als problematisch erwiesen. Beim operativen Vorgehen haben sich die Aspekte der atraumatischen, aseptischen und standardisierten Operationsbedingungen als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Der Einfluss der Knochenqualität und des Implantatdesigns auf die erreichbare Primärstabilität wurde dargestellt. Bei der Einheilphase wurde eine Übersicht über die bis dato gültigen Einheilzeiten gegeben. Die Vorgänge während der Implantateinheilung wurden unter Bezug auf die ultrastrukturellen Aspekte dargestellt. Der Einfluss von osteogenetischen Faktoren wurde speziell aufgezeigt. Die Implantateinheilung ist als komplexer Vorgang zu verstehen, bei dem die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Morphologie des Interface wurde anhand von Studien diskutiert. Unterschiede in der Morphologie sind in Abhängigkeit von den Implantatwerkstoffen, der Remodelingphase und den verschiedenen Versuchstieren zu finden. Im 3. Kapitel wurden die Voraussetzungen für den Erhalt der Osseointegration besprochen. Zu diesen gehören die Knochenbelastung, die Konstruktionsprinzipien dentaler Implantate, die prothetischen Konzepte und Implantat-Systembeispiele. Bei der Knochenbelastung wurden die Aspekte der okklusalen Überbelastung, der axialen bzw. nicht-axialen Krafteinleitung, Zahn-Implantat- und rein implantat-getragene Rekonstruktionen und materialabhängige Faktoren der Suprakonstruktion berücksichtigt. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass Überbelastungen vermieden werden sollten. Die Art der Krafteinleitung sowie die Verbindung von Implantaten mit der natürlichen Bezahnung haben keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Osseointegration. Rekonstruktionen auf Kuststoffbasis werden als problematisch dargestellt. Bei den Konstruktionsprinzipien wurden die Bereiche des enossalen Teils, die Implantatdimension, die Implantatform, der Durchtritt durch die Weichgewebe und die Position der Implantatoberkante dargestellt. Die Unterschiede in den Konstruktionsprinzipien der dentalen Implantate sind heutzutage gering und sind in der Strukturierung der Oberflächen, der Positionierung der Implantatoberkante und im Durchtritt durch die Weichgewebe zu finden. Die Bedeutung der Weichgewebsmanschette beim Osseointegrationsvorgang wurde hervorgehoben. Die Vorteile von konischen Schraubenimplantaten im Vergleich zu Zylinderimplantaten werden aufgezeigt. Ein wurde ein Überblick über die etablierten Okklusionskonzepte und prothetischen Konzepte gegeben. Eine Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangssituation im natürlichen Restgebiss wurde festgestellt, so dass das Konzept sich nach dieser richten muss. Bei den Systembeispielen wurden sechs Implantattypen dargestellt: das Brånemark-System, das Astra-System, das Ankylos-System, das Frialit 2, das ITI- und das 3i-System. Im 4. Kapitel wurden weitere Einflüsse auf die Osseointegration diskutiert. Dazu gehören die Knochenqualität, die Regenerationsfähigkeit des Knochens, neue OP-Verfahren, "neue" Oberflächen und deren Wirkung auf die zelluläre Umgebung, die fraktionierte Lasteinleitung und die Früh- und Sofortbelastung. Die Beurteilung der Knochensituation, d.h. das Erkennen von Veränderungen, die Evaluation der Knochendichte und die Regenerationsfähigkeit des Knochens wurden als prächirurgische Aspekte besprochen. Neue Op-Verfahren wie die Knochen -kondensation und -verdrängung wurden als Möglichkeit vorgestellt, die eine Implantatversorgung auch in schwierigen anatomischen Verhältnissen erlaubt. Der Einfluss der Implantatoberfläche auf den Knochen-Implantatkontakt, die Verankerungsfestigkeit und die Zellaktivität wurde dargestellt. Bei den Implantatoberflächen ist erkennbar, dass eine Vergrößerung der Gesamtoberfläche durch Mikro und -Makrostruktur angestrebt wird. Eine optimale Primärstabilität durch einen besseren Verzahnungseffekt wird dadurch möglich. Die Prinzipien der fraktionierten Lasteinleitung und des progressive bone loadings, sowie die Früh- und Sofortbelastung wurden vorgestellt. Eine Verkürzung der Einheilphase und somit eine Frühbelastung ist unter optimierten Bedingungen möglich. Ein sich anschließendes Knochentraining verbessert die vorgefundene Knochensituation und somit die Prognose der Implantattherapie. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass eine Osseointegration unter Einhaltung von standardisierten Operationsbedingungen mit jedem der hier vorgestellten Implantattypen erzielbar ist. Beim Erhalt der Osseointegration spielen die Unterschiede bei den Implantattypen und die Belastung über die prothetische Versorgung eine wichtige Rolle.The osseointegration in dental implantology was shown by a review of literature and evaluated. This review contained progress studies, in vitro and in vivo studies, which showed the ultra structural, biomechanical and biochemical studies and their results. In the first chapter the assessment criterion for the success of implants were represented. It can be established that not only a loss of implant has to be rated as a failure, but also clinical and radiological criterion of success play an important part. The mobility, the loss of bone, reactions of inflammation, the damage to anatomical structures and the long term efficacy of the implant were evaluated. In the second chapter the basic prerequisites for the achievement of the osseointegration were demonstrated. The basic prerequisites contain the physiology of the healing of bone, the material of the implant, the surgical procedure and the healing period. The procedure of bone healing, in particular the primary fracture healing is equated with the implant healing. This means that a sufficient stress free healing period is to be adhered to. Concerning the material of implantation, the metals and ceramics were compared. The implant material of choice is titanium because of its mechanical and biocompatible properties. Other materials like, for example, tantalum and hydroxyapatite, have proven problematic. In the operative procedure the characteristics of atraumatic, aseptically and standardized operation conditions have proven favourable. The influence of the quality of bone and the design of the implant on the achievable primary stability was demonstrated. Considering the healing period was a survey of the current lines of healing time hither to given. The procedures in the course of healing of the implants were shown with reference to the ultra structural aspects. The influence of the osteogenetic factors plays an important part. The morphology of the interface was discussed by seven studies. Differences in the morphology depend on the material of the implant, the phase of remodelling and the different laboratory animals. In the third chapter were the prerequisites for the preservation of the osseointegration discussed. Among the prerequisites are the stress distribution in bone, the principles of construction of dental implants, the prosthetic concepts and examples of systems of implants. Concerning the stress distribution in bone were the aspects of the occlusal overload, of the axial, respectively non-axial loading, tooth-and-implant supported and purely implant-supported reconstructions and material depending factors of the supraconstruction were considered. On this occasion it was revealed that overloading should be avoided. The kind of loading as well as the connection of implants with the natural teeth have no negative influence on the osseointegration. Reconstructions based on resin materials have been shown to be problematic. Concerning the principles of constructions the domains of the enossal parts, the dimensions of the implant, the form of the implant, the penetration through the soft tissue and the position of the upper edge of the implant were shown. Nowadays the differences in the principles of construction of the dental implants are few and are to be found in the structure of the surface, the positioning of the upper edge of the implant and in the penetration through the soft tissue. The meaning of the peri implant mucosa in the procedure of the osseointegration was emphasized. The advantages of the conical screw type implant in comparison to the cylindrical implant were shown. A survey of established occlusal concepts and prosthetic concepts was given. A dependence on the situation of the natural remaining teeth was established, so that the concept has to act accordingly. In the examples of the systems six types of implants were shown: the Branemark-System, the Astra-System, the Ankylos-System, the Frialit 2, the ITI-and the 3i-System. In the fourth chapter more influences of the osseointegration were discussed. Belonging to the influences are the quality of bone, the ability of regeneration of the bone, new operation procedures, "new" surfaces and their effect on the cellular environment, the partial loading("fraktionierte Lasteinleitung") and the early and immediate loading of the implant. The assessment of the situation of the bone, that means the recognition of changes, the evaluation of the bone density and the ability of regeneration of the bone were discussed as presurgical aspects. New operation procedures , for example the bone- condensation and the bone-splitting were introduced as a possibility, allowing the provision of the implant even under difficult anatomical circumstances. The influence of the surface of the implant on the bone-implant contact, the removal torque strength and on the cell activity was shown. Concerning the surfaces of the implant it is recognizable that an increase in the total surface by micro-and macrostructure is aimed at. An optimal primary stability is possible by a better mechanical interlock. The principles of the partial loading and the progressive bone loading, as well as the early and immediate loading were demonstrated. A shortening of the healing period and thus an early loading is possible under optimized conditions. A subsequent training of bone improves the previously found bone situation and by this the prognosis of the implant therapy. Summing up it may be said that an osseointegration with each of the introduced types of implants under adherence of standardized operative conditions. Concerning the preservation of the osseointegration the differences of the types of implants and the loading over the prosthetic provision play an important part

Rodent models of heart failure: an updated review

Heart failure (HF) is one of the major health and economic burdens worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. The study of HF requires reliable animal models to study the chronic changes and pharmacologic interventions in myocardial structure and function and to follow its progression toward HF. Indeed, during the past 40 years, basic and translational scientists have used small animal models to understand the pathophysiology of HF and find more efficient ways of preventing and managing patients suffering from congestive HF (CHF). Each species and each animal model has advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of one model over another should take them into account for a good experimental design. The aim of this review is to describe and highlight the advantages and drawbacks of some commonly used HF rodents models, including both non-genetically and genetically engineered models, with a specific subchapter concerning diastolic HF models

Os limites da coisa julgada no processo de execução penal: a (im)possibilidade de conversão de prestação de serviços à comunidade (PSC) fixada em sentença condenatória por prestação pecuniária (PEC)

A coisa julgada material está relacionada a sentença em que as partes não podem voltar a litigar e o juiz não pode voltar a julgar novamente, ou seja, não há a possibilidade de discutir novamente o mérito. Sendo assim, está totalmente correlacionado ao trânsito em julgado da sentença condenatória. Pois, se é algo que não poderá ser discutido em outro processo, pressupõe-se que o fato já está findado. Desta forma, aquilo que está fixado na sentença se torna absoluto, não podendo ser descumprido por nenhum grau de jurisdição. Com o descumprimento, haverá ofensa à coisa julgada material. A pena restritiva de direitos, mesmo sendo uma substituição do cumprimento da PPL, é uma pena autônoma e não pode, por força da lei, ser cumprida de forma distinta do que a legislação e a sentença condenatória determinam, havendo, no descumprimento desta, uma possível ofensa à coisa julgada material. É neste descortiço que o autor do presente artigo, no seu cotidiano de estágio, constatou que o juízo da Execuções de penas e medidas alternativas do DF estava procedendo com conversões de penas fixadas em sentença condenatória transitada em julgado, suscitou-se um ímpeto desígnio de diligenciar em pesquisa jurisprudencial sobre o tema. Por meio da metodologia MAD, o artigo visa evidenciar o imbróglio jurídico entre a primeira instância de execução de penas, a jurisprudência do tribunal da Capital Federal e o entendimento doutrinário

Modulation of Myocardial Stiffness by beta-Adrenergic Stimulation Its Role in Normal and Failing Heart

The acute effects of ß-adrenergic stimulation on myocardial stiffness were evaluated. New-Zealand white rabbits were treated with saline (control group) or doxorubicin to induce heart failure (HF) (DOXO-HF group). Effects of isoprenaline (10 -10-1 -5 M), a non-selective ß-adrenergic agonist, were tested in papillary muscles from both groups. In the control group, the effects of isoprenaline were also evaluated in the presence of a damaged endocardial endothelium, atenolol (ßi-adrenoceptor antagonist), ICI-118551 (ßz-adrenoceptor antagonist), KT-5720 (PKA inhibitor), L-NNA (NO-synthase inhibitor), or indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Passive length-tension relations were constructed before and after adding isoprenaline (10 -5 M). In the control group, isoprenaline increased resting muscle length up to 1.017±0.006 L/L max. Correction of resting muscle length to its initial value resulted in a 28.5±3.1% decrease of resting tension, indicating decreased muscle stiffness, as confirmed by the isoprenaline-induced right-downward shift of the passive lengthtension relation. These effects were modulated by ßr and ß 2adrenoceptors and PKA. In DOXO-HF group, the effect on myocardial stiffness was significantly decreased. We conclude that ß-adrenergic stimulation is a relevant mechanism of acute neurohumoral modulation of the diastolic function. Furthermore, this study clarifies the mechanisms by which myocardial stiffness is decreased. (c) 2011 Institute of Physiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

Subcritical Water: A Method for Green Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals

In the present study, an innovative method to produce cellulose nanocrystals is proposed. The conventional method of obtaining these nanocrystals utilizes concentrated solutions of strong acids to promote the hydrolysis of cellulose amorphous regions and hemicelluloses. However, in the conventional method, long duration washing steps and low temperature resistance of the nanocrystals still limit their larger industrialization or some applications that require heat resistance during the transformation (extrusion for exemple) and/or end-uses. Water could also hydrolyze polysaccharides by applying severe reaction conditions. In this context, the increase of temperature and pressure (i.e. subcritical water) allows higher diffusion, activity and ionization of water, partial hydrolysis of cellulose is attended. The cellulose source, the hydrolyzed cellulose and a commercial nanocellulosic material were submitted to different analytical techniques in order to evaluate their morphology (DLS, AFM and optical microscopy) and physicochemical characteristics (XRD, TGA and FTIR). The obtained cellulose nanocrystals presented high crystallinity index, rod-like shape with similar aspect ratio as those known for classic cellulose nanocrystals but also a higher thermal stability even with respect to the original cellulosic source. The exclusive use of water as reagent constitutes a promising process not only for its green characteristics but also for its low corrosion and low cost of reagents

Measurement of the absolute reflectance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) immersed in liquid xenon

The performance of a detector using liquid xenon (LXe) as a scintillator is strongly dependent on the collection efficiency for xenon scintillation light, which in turn is critically dependent on the reflectance of the surfaces that surround the active volume. To improve the light collection in such detectors the active volume is usually surrounded by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reflector panels, used due to its very high reflectance—even at the short wavelength of scintillation light of LXe (peaked at 178 nm). In this work, which contributed to the overall R&D effort towards the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, we present experimental results for the absolute reflectance measurements of three different PTFE samples (including the material used in the LUX detector) immersed in LXe for its scintillation light. The obtained results show that very high bi-hemispherical reflectance values (≥ 97%) can be achieved, enabling very low energy thresholds in liquid xenon scintillator-based detectors.Peer Reviewe

PRESTAÇÃO JURISDICIONAL ÀS PESSOAS PORTADORAS DE DEFICIÊNCIA

O presente trabalho possui como escopo o estudo de direitos humanos egarantias fundamentais, especificamente quanto à análise jurídico-constitucional, bem como no âmbito internacional quanto ao tratamento dispensado às pessoas portadoras de deficiência.Palavras-chaves: deficientes, justiça, integração social

Fertilizer concentration and fertigation frequency: effects on electric conductivity and ions concentration in the soil solution

Fertirrigation allows total control of the amount of applied fertilizers to the soil as a function of crop demand. Fertigation relies on monitoring of soil ions to obtain the sustainability of soil chemical conditions. The continuous evaluation of ions in the soil solution also contributes to the estimation of the cycling rate of chemical elements and nutrient leaching in the field. The objective of this work was (i) to evaluate nitrate, potassium, sodium and electrical conductivity in the soil solution submitted to different concentrations of injection solution and fertigation frequency during one cycle of the "Grande Naine" banana in a non-cohesive Yellow Latosol and (ii) to evaluate the effects of concentration and fertigation frequency on yields of banana crop. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme with three concentrations of the injection solution (3, 10 and 15 g L-1) x two fertigation frequencies (3 and 7 days). The treatments influenced the values of the ion concentration in the soil solution in the soil profile corresponding to the depths of 0-0.30 e 0.30-0.60 m. The concentration of the injection solution and the interaction frequency x concentration influenced the electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration of the soil solution. There was no significant effect of the injection solution and fertigation frequency on production variables

Comparison of the performance of hydraulic lime- and clay-based grouts in the repair of rammed earth

Earth constructions constitute an important part of the built heritage and are spread worldwide. Rammed earth is among the most used earth construction techniques, though it exhibits a high seismic vulnerability. Nevertheless, the structural behaviour of rammed earth structures is still insufficiently comprehended. Thus, the preservation of this built heritage requires exhaustive characterisation of its mechanical and structural behaviours, as well as the development and validation of adequate intervention solutions. In this context, this paper presents an experimental program aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of grout injection to repair cracks and at further characterising the in-plane shear behaviour of rammed earth walls. The experimental program included the testing of rammed earth wallets under diagonal compression, which were subsequently repaired with injection of a clay-based or a hydraulic lime-based grout, and retested. Furthermore, sonic tests were conducted on the wallets before the destructive tests. The obtained results allowed to highlight that both grouts led to similar repairing performances, though the interlocking contribution promoted by the coarse particles of the rammed earth to the shear behaviour was found to be irrecoverable.Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633