Holocene slip rate variability along the Pernicana fault system (Mt. Etna, Italy): Evidence from offset lava flows

The eastern flank of the Mount Etna stratovolcano is affected by extension and is slowly sliding eastward into the Ionian Sea. The Pernicana fault system forms the border of the northern part of this sliding area. It consists of three E-W−oriented fault sectors that are seismically active and characterized by earthquakes up to 4.7 in magnitude (M) capable of producing ground rupture and damage located mainly along the western and central sectors, and by continuous creep on the eastern sector. A new topographic study of the central sector of the Pernicana fault system shows an overall bell-shaped profile, with maximum scarp height of 35 m in the center of the sector, and two local minima that are probably due to the complex morphological relation between fault scarp and lava flows. We determined the ages of lava flows cut by the Pernicana fault system at 12 sites using cosmogenic 3He and 40Ar/39Ar techniques in order to determine the recent slip history of the fault. From the displacement-age relations, we estimate an average throw rate of ∼2.5 mm/yr over the last 15 k.y. The slip rate appears to have accelerated during the last 3.5 k.y., with displacement rates of up to ∼15 mm/yr, whereas between 3.5 and 15 ka, the throw rate averaged ∼1 mm/yr. This increase in slip rate resulted in significant changes in seismicity rates, for instance, decreasing the mean recurrence time of M ≥ 4.7 earthquakes from ∼200 to ∼20 yr. Based on empirical relationships, we attribute the variation in seismic activity on the Pernicana fault system to factors intrinsic to the system that are likely related to changes in the volcanic system. These internal factors could be fault interdependencies (such as those across the Taupo Rift, New Zealand) or they could represent interactions among magmatic, tectonic, and gravitational processes (e.g., Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii). Given their effect on earthquake recurrence intervals, these interactions need to be fully assessed in seismic hazard evaluations

Self-report of Cognition and Objective Test Performance in Posttraumatic Headache

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74675/1/j.1526-4610.1996.3605300.x.pd

Double-Duty Actions: Seizing Program and Policy Opportunities to Address Malnutrition in all its Forms

Actions to address different forms of malnutrition are typically managed by separate communities, policies, programmes, governance structures, and funding streams. In contrast, double duty actions, which aim to simultaneously tackle both undernutrition and problems of overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (DR-NCDs) have been proposed as a way to effectively address malnutrition in all its forms in a more holsitic way. This paper identifies ten double duty actions that have strong potential to reduce the risk of both undernutrition and obesity/DR-NCDs. It does so by : 1) summarizing evidence on common drivers of different forms of malnutrition; 2) documenting examples of unintended harm caused by some undernutrition-focused programmes on obesity/DR-NCDs; and 3) highlighting a few examples of first double duty actions undertaken to tackle multiple forms of malnutrition. We find that undernutrition and obesity/DR-NCDs are intrinsically linked through early life nutrition; dietary quality; food environments; and socioeconomic factors. There is some evidence that undernutrition-focused programs have raised risks of poor quality diets and obesity/DR-NCDs, especially in countries undergoing a rapid nutrition transition. The paper builds on this evidence to develop a framework to guide the design of double duty approaches and strategies, and defines the first steps needed to deliver them. With a clear package of double duty actions now identified, there is an urgent need to move forward with double duty actions to address malnutrition in all its forms

Kajian Sensoris, Sifat Kimia Dan Sifat Fungsional Mi Instan Dengan Substitusi Bekatul Beras Merah Dan Tepung Ubi Jalar Ungu

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan formula produk mi instan yang dibuat dengan substitusi tepung ubi jalar ungudan bekatul beras merah, mengetahui sifat kimiawi (air, abu, protein, lemak dan karbohidrat) produk mi instan yang dibuat dengansubstitusi tepung ubi jalar ungu dan bekatul beras merah serta mengetahui sifat fungsional (aktivitas antioksidan, serat kasar danserat pangan) produk mi instan yang dibuat dengan substitusi tepung ubi jalar ungu dan bekatul beras merah yang paling disukaipanelis.Digunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Konsentrasi bekatul beras merah dan tepung ubi jalar ungu yang ditambahkansebesar 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% dan 30% (hanya tepung ubi ungu). Sifat sensoris meliputi parameter warna, rasa, tekstur, aroma danoverall. Sifat kimia dan sifat fungsional yang diuji adalah sampel K1 (100% terigu), B2 (10% bekatul beras merah, 10% tepung ubijalar ungu dan 80% terigu) dan K2 (30% tepung ubi ungu dan 70% terigu).Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa mi instan dengan perbandingan bekatul beras merah, tepung ubi jalar ungu:tepungterigu=10:10:80, paling disukai panelis, mi instan dengan perbandingan bekatul beras merah:tepung ubi jalar ungu:tepungterigu=10:10:80 mengandung 4,65% air, 3,36% abu, 11,36% protein, 16,65% lemak dan 67,50% karbohidrat. Subtitusi bekatulberas merah berpengrauh terhadap karakteristik mi instan

Overview of methods used to evaluate the adequacy of nutrient intakes for individuals and populations

The objective of the present paper is to review the methods of measuring micronutrient intake adequacy for individuals and for populations in order to ascertain best practice. A systematic review was conducted to locate studies on the methodological aspects of measuring nutrient adequacy. The results showed that for individuals, qualitative methods (to find probability of adequacy) and quantitative methods (to find confidence of adequacy) have been proposed for micronutrients where there is enough data to set an average nutrient requirement (ANR). If micronutrients do not have ANR, an adequate intake (AI) is often defined and can be used to assess adequacy, provided the distribution of daily intake over a number of days is known. The probability of an individual's intake being excessive can also be compared with the upper level of safe intake and the confidence of this estimate determined in a similar way. At the population level, adequacy can be judged from the ANR using the probability approach or its short cut – the estimated average requirement cut-point method. If the micronutrient does not have an ANR, adequacy cannot be determined from the average intake and must be expressed differently. The upper level of safe intake can be used for populations in a similar way to that of individuals. All of the methodological studies reviewed were from the American continent and all used the methodology described in the Institute of Medicine publications. The present methodology should now be adapted for use in Europe

About the crazed sequence

In this article we report a detailed and understandable analysis of the evolution of various coherence orders in a Correlated 2D spectroscopy Revamped by Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection (CRAZED) like pulse sequence, used to select a signal from intermolecular Multi Quantum Coherences (iMQCs). Because the signal to-noise-ratio of iMQC is much lower than the signal from conventional single quantum coherence (SQC), an optimization of experimental parameters is a necessity when measurements are made with iMQC. For this purpose a phase cycle is shown that not only allows a simpler selection of a particular quantum coherence order, but also removes receiver artifacts

Severe Tracheobronchomalacia after Prolonged Intubation of Multitrauma Patient

Tracheobronchomalacia is a condition with significant morbidity with many etiologies including iatrogenic ones and should be considered in critically ill ventilated trauma patients. We present a case of a multitrauma patient who had difficulty weaning from the ventilator after prolonged intubation followed by tracheostomy tube placement. We describe her presentation, diagnosis, and management provide and as well a discussion of the condition

40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Holocene basalts; examples from Stromboli, Italy

Absolute chronologies of active volcanoes and consequently timescales for eruptive behaviour and magma production form a quantitative basis for understanding the risk of volcanoes. Surprisingly, the youngest records in the geological timescale often prove to be the most elusive when it comes to isotopic dating. Absolute Holocene volcanic records almost exclusively rely on 14C ages measured on fossil wood or other forms of biogenic carbon. However, on volcanic flanks, fossil carbon is often not preserved, and of uncertain origin when present in paleosols. Also, low 14C-volcanic CO2 may have mixed with atmospheric and soil 14C-CO2, potentially causing biased ages. Even when reliable data are available, it is important to have independent corroboration of inferred chronologies as can be obtained in principle using the 40K/40Ar decay system. Here we present results of a 40Ar/39Ar dating study of basaltic groundmass in the products from the Pleistocene – Holocene boundary until the beginning of the historic era for the north-northeastern flank of Stromboli, Aeolian Islands, Italy, identifying a short phase of intensified flank effusive activity 7500±500 yrs ago, and a maximum age of 4000±900 yr for the last flank collapse event that might have caused the formation of the Sciara del Fuoco depression. We expect that under optimum conditions 40Ar/39Ar dating of basaltic groundmass samples can be used more widely for dating Holocene volcanic events