New insights on the population genetic structure of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) in the English Channel coupling microsatellite data and demogenetic simulations.

International audienceThe great scallop (Pecten maximus) is a commercially important bivalve in Europe, particularly in the English Channel, where fisheries are managed at regional and local scales through the regulation of fishing effort. In the long term, knowledge about larval dispersal and gene flow between populations is essential to ensure proper stock management. Yet, previous population genetic studies have reported contradictory results. In this study, scallop samples collected across the main fishing grounds along the French and English coasts of the English Channel (20 samples with temporal replicates for three sites,n= 1059 individuals), and the population genetic structure was analysed using 13 microsatellite loci. Coupling empirical genetic data with demogenetic modelling based on a biophysical model simulating larval exchanges among scallop beds revealed a subtle genetic differentiation between south-west English populations and the rest of the English Channel, which was consistent with larval dispersal simulations. The present study provides a step forward in the understanding of great scallop population biology in the English Channel, underlining the fact that even in a context of potentially high gene flow and recent divergence times since the end of the last glacial maximum, weak but significant spatial genetic structure can be identified at a regional scale

Specific niche requirements underpin multidecadal range edge stability, but may introduce barriers for climate change adaptation

Aim: To investigate some of the environmental variables underpinning the past and present distribution of an ecosystem engineer near its poleward range edge. Location: >500 locations spanning >7,400 km around Ireland. Methods: We collated past and present distribution records on a known climate change indicator, the reef-forming worm Sabellaria alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) in a biogeographic boundary region over 182 years (1836–2018). This included repeat sampling of 60 locations in the cooler 1950s and again in the warmer 2000s and 2010s. Using species distribution modelling, we identified some of the environmental drivers that likely underpin S. alveolata distribution towards the leading edge of its biogeographical range in Ireland. Results: Through plotting 981 records of presence and absence, we revealed a discontinuous distribution with discretely bounded sub-populations, and edges that coincide with the locations of tidal fronts. Repeat surveys of 60 locations across three time periods showed evidence of population increases, declines, local extirpation and recolonization events within the range, but no evidence of extensions beyond the previously identified distribution limits, despite decades of warming. At a regional scale, populations were relatively stable through time, but local populations in the cold Irish Sea appear highly dynamic and vulnerable to local extirpation risk. Contemporary distribution data (2013–2018) computed with modelled environmental data identified specific niche requirements which can explain the many distribution gaps, namely wave height, tidal amplitude, stratification index, then substrate type. Main conclusions: In the face of climate warming, such specific niche requirements can create environmental barriers that may prevent species from extending beyond their leading edges. These boundaries may limit a species’ capacity to redistribute in response to global environmental change

Taxonomic and functional diversity of benthic habitats : variability and drivers from a regional and decadal

Ce travail de thèse s’appuie sur les données d’un suivi à long-terme mené à une échelle régionale pour mieux appréhender les facteurs gouvernant la diversité des fonds marins côtiers. En considérant de multiples échelles spatiales et temporelles ainsi que différentes facettes de la diversité de ces communautés, l’objectif principal a été de fournir des connaissances permettant de mieux prédire les potentielles réponses des communautés benthiques face aux changements environnementaux à venir. Cette thèse s’inscrit en particulier dans un contexte de la menace de l’homogénéisation des fonds marins et de la disparition à large échelle des habitats biogéniques, réservoirs de biodiversité formés par des espèces fondatrices. La comparaison de deux de ces habitats, les herbiers de Zostères intertidaux et les bancs de mäerl subtidaux, à des sédiments dépourvus d’espèces fondatrices a mis en évidence le rôle fondamental de ces habitats biogéniques dans le maintien de la diversité et du fonctionnement des fonds marins à long-terme. Ils contrôlent profondément les dynamiques temporelles des communautés et leurs capacités de réponse aux variations des conditions environnementales, assurent une plus grande stabilité des structures spatiales des communautés à une échelle régionale. Ils semblent par-là essentiels au maintien à long-terme des fonctions écologiques auxquelles contribuent les espèces benthiques. Cependant, ce travail montre que ces espèces fondatrices opèrent selon des mécanismes différents et que les implications en terme de vulnérabilité des communautés sont donc aussi différentes. Cette étude montre enfin qu’au sein d’un habitat donné, la richesse locale des communautés est relativement stable dans l’espace et le temps et met en évidence le besoin de caractériser les variations de compositions de communautés pour guider les actions de conservations à larges échelles. À ce titre, et à l’échelle régionale, les variations de composition contribuent à une richesse taxinomique et fonctionnelle dans les sédiments dépourvus d’espèces fondatrices aussi importante que dans les habitats biogéniques.Ce résultat impose de réévaluer la valeur de conservation qui pourrait leur être attribué de part leur richesse locale limitée. Les suivis à grandes échelles spatiales et temporelles sont dans ce contexte essentiels pour fournir un lien entre les connaissances empiriques et théoriques existantes à des échelles locales, et les échelles supérieures auxquelles s’intéressent les politiques de conservation.This thesis takes advantage of long-term monitoring data covering a regional scale to better apprehend the maindrivers of the diversity of coastal seafloors. Through consideration of multiple spatial and temporal scales and different facets o fcommunity diversity, the main objective of this work was to provide a better predictive understanding of the responses of benthic communities to environmental changes. In particular, this thesis addressed the potential consequences of the on-going homogenisation of the seafloor and the global loss of biogenic habitats, havens of diversity made by foundation species. Through comparison of two such habitats, intertidal seagrass meadows and subtidal maerl beds, with bare sediment devoid of foundationspecies, this thesis has highlighted the key role of biogenicstructures for long-term maintenance of the diversity andfunctioning of benthic communities. Indeed, these habitats mediate the dynamics and responses of benthic communities to environmental conditions, ensure a greater stability of their spatial structures at regional scale, and appeared essential for the long-term maintenance of the ecological functions benthic invertebrates are associated with. This work also highlighted that foundation species may affect benthic communities through different mechanisms, and that has implications on the structure and vulnerability of these communities. Lastly, this the sisemphasized a strong spatial and temporal stability of community richness despite important underlying changes in composition and there by stressed the need to better characterise these compositional variations to guide conservation. These variations contributed, for instance, to an unexpectedly high taxonomic and functional richness of bare sediment at regional scale,similar to those of biogenic habitats, despite being locally depauperate. Overall, broad-scale monitoring programs are fundamental assets to bridge local empirical and theoretical ecological knowledge to the broader scales at which society manage and benefits from natural ecosystems

Diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle des habitats benthiques dans l'espace et dans le temps : une perspective régionale et décennale

This thesis takes advantage of long-term monitoring data covering a regional scale to better apprehend the maindrivers of the diversity of coastal seafloors. Through consideration of multiple spatial and temporal scales and different facets o fcommunity diversity, the main objective of this work was to provide a better predictive understanding of the responses of benthic communities to environmental changes. In particular, this thesis addressed the potential consequences of the on-going homogenisation of the seafloor and the global loss of biogenic habitats, havens of diversity made by foundation species. Through comparison of two such habitats, intertidal seagrass meadows and subtidal maerl beds, with bare sediment devoid of foundationspecies, this thesis has highlighted the key role of biogenicstructures for long-term maintenance of the diversity andfunctioning of benthic communities. Indeed, these habitats mediate the dynamics and responses of benthic communities to environmental conditions, ensure a greater stability of their spatial structures at regional scale, and appeared essential for the long-term maintenance of the ecological functions benthic invertebrates are associated with. This work also highlighted that foundation species may affect benthic communities through different mechanisms, and that has implications on the structure and vulnerability of these communities. Lastly, this the sisemphasized a strong spatial and temporal stability of community richness despite important underlying changes in composition and there by stressed the need to better characterise these compositional variations to guide conservation. These variations contributed, for instance, to an unexpectedly high taxonomic and functional richness of bare sediment at regional scale,similar to those of biogenic habitats, despite being locally depauperate. Overall, broad-scale monitoring programs are fundamental assets to bridge local empirical and theoretical ecological knowledge to the broader scales at which society manage and benefits from natural ecosystems.Ce travail de thèse s’appuie sur les données d’un suivi à long-terme mené à une échelle régionale pour mieux appréhender les facteurs gouvernant la diversité des fonds marins côtiers. En considérant de multiples échelles spatiales et temporelles ainsi que différentes facettes de la diversité de ces communautés, l’objectif principal a été de fournir des connaissances permettant de mieux prédire les potentielles réponses des communautés benthiques face aux changements environnementaux à venir. Cette thèse s’inscrit en particulier dans un contexte de la menace de l’homogénéisation des fonds marins et de la disparition à large échelle des habitats biogéniques, réservoirs de biodiversité formés par des espèces fondatrices. La comparaison de deux de ces habitats, les herbiers de Zostères intertidaux et les bancs de mäerl subtidaux, à des sédiments dépourvus d’espèces fondatrices a mis en évidence le rôle fondamental de ces habitats biogéniques dans le maintien de la diversité et du fonctionnement des fonds marins à long-terme. Ils contrôlent profondément les dynamiques temporelles des communautés et leurs capacités de réponse aux variations des conditions environnementales, assurent une plus grande stabilité des structures spatiales des communautés à une échelle régionale. Ils semblent par-là essentiels au maintien à long-terme des fonctions écologiques auxquelles contribuent les espèces benthiques. Cependant, ce travail montre que ces espèces fondatrices opèrent selon des mécanismes différents et que les implications en terme de vulnérabilité des communautés sont donc aussi différentes. Cette étude montre enfin qu’au sein d’un habitat donné, la richesse locale des communautés est relativement stable dans l’espace et le temps et met en évidence le besoin de caractériser les variations de compositions de communautés pour guider les actions de conservations à larges échelles. À ce titre, et à l’échelle régionale, les variations de composition contribuent à une richesse taxinomique et fonctionnelle dans les sédiments dépourvus d’espèces fondatrices aussi importante que dans les habitats biogéniques.Ce résultat impose de réévaluer la valeur de conservation qui pourrait leur être attribué de part leur richesse locale limitée. Les suivis à grandes échelles spatiales et temporelles sont dans ce contexte essentiels pour fournir un lien entre les connaissances empiriques et théoriques existantes à des échelles locales, et les échelles supérieures auxquelles s’intéressent les politiques de conservation

Constancy despite variability: Local and regional macrofaunal diversity in intertidal seagrass beds

WOS:000419410100010The importance of seagrass habitat for the diversity of benthic fauna has been extensively studied worldwide. Most of the information available is, however, about a diversity while little consideration has been given to 13 diversity. To fill the knowledge gaps regarding the variability of epifaunal and infaunal seagrass assemblages at large spatial and temporal scales, we scrutinized an extensive dataset covering five years of monitoring of eight intertidal Zostera marina meadows around Brittany (France). High species richness arose at the regional scale from the combination of high local diversity of the meadows and substantial among-meadows 13 diversity. Epifauna and infauna appeared as distinct self-communities as they displayed different spatial and temporal patterns and varied in their responses to local hydrological conditions. Infauna had higher total 13 diversity than epifauna due to a tighter link to the great variability of local environmental conditions in the region. Both exhibited substantial variations in species composition and community structure with variations of dominant species that were accompanied by extensive change in numerous rare species. The dominant epifaunal species were all grazers. Changes in species composition were induced mostly by species replacement and rarely by richness differences between meadows. Indeed, species richness remained within a narrow range for all seagrass beds, suggesting a potential carrying capacity for species richness of the meadows. Overall, all meadows contributed equally to the regional turnover of seagrass macrofauna, emphasizing high variability and complementarity among beds at the regional scale. The implications of this substantial within-seagrass variability for the functioning of benthic ecosystems at broad scale and for conservation purposes in habitat mosaics warrant further investigations but our results clearly advocate taking into account within-habitat variation when evaluating the diversity of benthic habitats and the potential effect of habitat loss

Quantifying the direct and indirect relationships linking the environment, seagrass, and their associated fauna

International audienceFoundation species such as seagrasses modulate critical ecosystem processes, promote biodiversity, and structure community spatial and temporal dynamics. Hence, they play a key role in mediating the response of biodiversity to environmental changes. The breadth of their contribution to biodiversity maintenance and the potential cascading effects of their alteration remain unclear as we lack a comprehensive understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing their response to environmental changes and that of their associated fauna. Indeed, the mechanisms involved are often studied in isolation or at scales that only provide incomplete representations of the complex functioning of these ecosystems. This study aimed to clarify the direct and indirect relationships linking the environment, seagrass, and their associated faunal assemblages, using structural equation modeling (SEM). To this end, we review the literature to derive theoretical models of the functioning of seagrass ecosystems and test them using long‐term monitoring data covering 14 years of nine different Zostera marina seagrass beds across 500 km of coastline. We show that contradictory relationships and ambiguities regarding seagrass–biodiversity relationships emerge from the currently available literature (covering experimental, observational, and modeling studies). The SEM approach allowed us to clarify these direct and indirect relationships and resolve most ambiguities. In particular, we show that seagrass mediates the effect of the environment on its associated communities. However, this mediating effect is different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for epifauna and infauna. Unexpectedly, the diversity of benthic macrofauna appeared to be controlled and promoted by the biomass rather than by the shoot density of the seagrass beds. We also provide quantitative estimates for the direct and cascading pathways linking seagrass biodiversity to environmental changes. Overall, by synthesizing, clarifying, and quantifying the multiple relationships linking a foundation species such as seagrass to its environment and associated biodiversity, we contribute to a better understanding of seagrass meadows functioning and help predict the potential consequences of foundation species alteration on their associated fauna

Note technique. Définition des modalités de l’évaluation qualitative appliquée à certains habitats benthiques dans le cadre de l’évaluation DCSMM cycle 3. Thématique D1 - habitats benthiques

L’objectif du présent document est de fournir un cadrage méthodologique pour la mise en oeuvre d’une évaluation qualitative, c’est-à-dire fondée sur du dire d’expert, de certains habitats benthiques lors de l'évaluation DCSMM - cycle 3 du Bon État Écologique du Descripteur 1-Habitats benthiques. Sont concernés par ces évaluations : - deux habitats équivalant à la catégorie Grands Types d’Habitats : - les roches intertidales ; - les roches infralittorales ; - trois habitats équivalant à la catégorie Autres Types d’habitats : - les récifs intertidaux à Sabellaria alveolata ; - les bancs de maërl ; - les herbiers de Zostera marina et Z. noltei. Les éléments de cadrage explicités dans la suite du document doivent garantir une certaine homogénéité/cohérence dans le rendu des résultats finaux et la traçabilité du dire d’expert. Ils doivent également permettre à un large public (gestionnaires, citoyens, politiques publiques, etc) de mieux appréhender la méthode d’évaluation utilisée pour les habitats mentionnés ci-dessus. Ce document de cadrage s’inspire largement du guide de lecture rédigé par le groupe de travail ICG-POSH (Intersessional Correspondence Group on the implementation and follow up of measures for the protection and conservation of species and habitats) d’OSPAR [documents (ospar.org)]

Taxonomic and functional diversity of subtidal benthic communities associated with hard substrates at Crozet archipelago (sub-Antarctic, Southern Ocean).

International audienceSub-Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems harbor rich and diverse benthic communities. Despite their ecological uniqueness and vulnerability to global changes, studies on benthic communities remain limited. Using underwater video-imagery, we investigated the taxonomic and functional diversity of benthic communities associated with hard substrates at Baie du Marin ( Ile de la Possession , Crozet archipelago). The Baie du Marin species richness and diversity were additively partitioned to evaluate spatial patterns of species through the following spatial scales: within images, among images within transects, and among transects. We analyzed imagery data from seven transects located at different sites inside Baie du Marin and covering contrasting natural rocky habitats and underwater artificial cable substrates. A total of 50 faunal (mainly represented by Echinodermata and Porifera phyla) and 14 algae (mainly represented by Rhodophyta phylum) taxa were identified. Rocky substrates were dominated by high densities of the polychaetes Parasabella sp. and Lanice marionensis , whereas submarine cables were dominated by high densities of the bivalve Kidderia sp. attached to macroalgae. Our results show contrasted distribution patterns in the faunal and algal assemblages within the Baie du Marin , with significant ecological differences between submarine cables and natural rocky substrates. Larger spatial scale (i.e., among transects) accounted for most of the bay richness and diversity, highlighting a high-level of habitat heterogeneity within the bay. Through a trait-based approach, our findings revealed that Crozet benthic communities are characterized by low functional richness, evenness, and redundancy, highlighting a potential vulnerability to current and future natural and anthropogenic changes. This study provides a novel bentho-ecological baseline for future assessments of natural and anthropogenic impacts on the marine environment of the Crozet archipelago; and for the conservation management of these remote habitats that make part of the French Southern Territories Marine Protected Area, recently inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list

Drivers and limits of phenotypic responses in vulnerable seagrass populations: Zostera marina in the intertidal

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Long-term coastal macrobenthic Community Trajectory Analysis reveals habitat-dependent stability patterns

International audienceLong-term monitoring programs are fundamental to detect changes in ecosystem health and understand ecological processes. In the current context of increasing anthropogenic threats on marine ecosystems, understanding the dynamics and response of communities becomes essential. We used data collected over 14 years in the REBENT benthic coastal invertebrates monitoring program, at a regional scale in the North-East Atlantic, covering a total of 26 sites and 979 taxa. Four distinct habitats were studied: two biogenic habitats associated with foundation species in the intertidal and subtidal zones and two bare sedimentary habitats in the same respective tidal zones. We used community trajectory analysis (CTA), a statistical approach that allows for quantitative measures and comparisons of temporal trajectories of ecosystems. We compared observed community trajectories to trajectories simulated under a non-directional null model in order to better understand the dynamics of the communities, their potential drivers, and the role of the studied habitats in these dynamics. Despite strong differences in the community compositions between sites and habitats, the communities followed non-directional dynamics during the 14 years monitored, which suggested stability at the regional scale. However, the shape, size, and direction of the trajectories of benthic communities were more similar within than among habitats, also suggesting the influence of the nature of the habitat on community dynamics. Results showed a higher variability in community composition the first years of the monitoring in the intertidal bare habitat and confirmed the role of biogenic habitats in maintaining temporal stability. They also highlighted the need to apprehend the role of transient and rare species and the scale of observation in temporal beta diversity analyses. Finally, our study confirmed the usefulness of CTA to link observed trajectory patterns to fundamental ecological processes