Verrucous Carcinoma of the Vulva: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is a rare lesion (1). Affecting essentially postmenopausal women, this lesion is a distinct and particular entity in vulval carcinoma classification and its scalability is uncertain and unpredictable. Here, we present a case concerning a 48-year-old patient, without follow-up after a condyloma acuminate of the vulva (large left lip). The origin of this case will be discussed in this article. The treatment decided was only surgical. A review of literature shows the rarity of this lesion of the female genital tract

The Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer: Problems Posed by Examination During Surgery. A Review of Current Literature and Management

The presence of tumor cells can be identified in the lymph node when metastasis has occurred from the primary cancer site into the lymph node (1) If the sentinel lymph node ganglion is negative for the presence of tumor cells at the time of histological examination, the other lymph nodes are also negative in 99% of cases. If no tumor cells are identified in the sentinel lymph node ganglion by histological examination, the other lymph nodes are also negative for the presence of tumor cells in 99% of cases. The sentinel lymph node advantageously replaces axillary dissection as a staging method in breast cancer T1 and T2 (2). Approximately 40% of breast cancers metastasize to axillary lymph nodes and metastatic extension depends on disease stage. Sentinel lymph nodes are affected in the following stages: T1a (4.3%), T1b (19.5%), T1c (23.8%), T2 (48.9%), T3 (66.7%)

Endometriotic Mass After Hysterectomy in a 61 Year Old Post-menopausal Woman: A Case Report and Update.

Endometriosis is a common, hormone-dependent gynecologic disease. Undiagnosed in large proportion of women, managing therapies depend on the impact of quality of life and includes hormonal treatment and pelvic surgery. Less likely endometriosis can occur in post-menopausal women. Malignant transformation of endometriosis is a rare but well-described process, most of time occurring in the ovary, and justifies the practitioner not to underestimate this pathology. We present a case of a 61 year old woman with a symptomatic endometriotic pelvic mass, status post hysterectomy, with no history of endometriosis diagnosed beforehand

Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno: A novel, evidence-based, unifying theory for the pathogenesis of endometriosis

The theory of retrograde menstruation as aetiopathogenesis of endometriosis formulated by John Sampson in 1927 shows clear shortcomings: this does not explain why retrograde menstruation is a physiological process that affects 90% of women, while endometriosis occurs in only 10% of cases; it also does not explain the endometriotic foci distant from the pelvis, nor explains the cases of endometriosis in male patients. The immunological alterations of the peritoneal fluid explains the effects of disease, such as the inhibition of the physiological processes of cytolysis, but does not explain the cause. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that ectopic müllerian remnants of the endometrium, endocervix and endosalpinx are items from the genital ridge leaked during organogenesis. It is known that tissues derived from coelomatic epithelial and mesenchymal cells have the potential to metaplastically differentiate into epithelium and stroma. In addition, the phenotype of the ectopic endometrial cells is significantly different from those ectopic. There is scientific evidence that, during organogenesis, the genes of the Homeobox and Wingless family play a fundamental role in the differentiation of the ducts of Muller and development of the anatomical structure of the urogenital tract. We present here a hypothesis that deregulation of genes and the Wnt signaling pathway Wnt/β-catenin leads to aberrations and deregulation within the mesoderm, thus, may cause aberrant placement of stem cells. In addition, immune cells, adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase and pro-inflammatory cytokines activate/alter peritoneal microenvironment, creating the conditions for differentiation, adhesion, proliferation and survival of ectopic endometrial cells

22q11 deletion syndrome and urogenital manifestationsA clinicopathological case report and review of the literatureM.Vachette MD*, GE.Grant MD*, J.Bouquet de Joliniere MD.PhD*, M. Jotterand MD** N.Ben Ali MD*, A.Feki MD.PhD * and R.Brugger MD.*Department of gynecology and obstetrics, HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland.** Institute of pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Background: Deletion in the chromosomal region 22q11 results from the abnormal development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches during embryonic life and presents an expansive phenotype with more than 180 clinical features described that involve every organ and system. History and Signs: A 23-year-old African woman presented for the first trimester echography, which revealed an isolated anechoic structure suggesting a ureteral dilatation. The suspicion of a malposition of great arteries in the second trimester indicated an amniocentesis leading to a diagnosis of 22q11 deletion. Outcome: At 32 weeks, the patient was admitted for premature rupture of membranes and gave birth 2 weeks later to a male newborn that presented a respiratory distress syndrome and probably died secondary to a tracheal stenosis. Necropsy revealed typical clinical features of 22q11 deletion associated with left renal agenesis, hypospadias and penile hypoplasia. Conclusions: We report a case of 22q11 deletion syndrome with typical clinical features associated with urogenital manifestations suspected at the first trimester ultrasound

Adhérences péritonéales considérées comme causes de phénomènes douloureux

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Laparoscopic Lateral Suspension: Benefits of a Cross-shaped Mesh to Treat Difficult Vaginal Vault Prolapse.

To show an original technique of laparoscopic lateral suspension (LLS) with a precut mesh in a difficult case of vaginal vault prolapse. Step-by-step descriptions of the technique using videos (educational video). Vaginal vault prolapse affects up to 1% of patients who had a hysterectomy. Sacrocolpopexy is considered the gold standard in the treatment of apical pelvic organ prolapse. However, dissection at the level of the promontory may be challenging, particularly in obese patients or when an anatomic variation exists. This may be associated with rare but serious neurologic or ureteral morbidity as well as life-threatening vascular injury. LLS with mesh represents an alternative procedure, avoiding dissection at the promontory. The originality of this video is to describe the procedure of LLS in a difficult case of vaginal vault prolapse related to adhesions and difficulties of fascia cleavage. The use of a precut cross-shaped mesh simplified the technique and facilitated the attachment of the mesh to the fascia and the lateral suspension for a smaller period of time. This point is not negligible, especially in cases with technical difficulties. Institutional review board approval was obtained through the local ethics committee of Geneva University Hospitals (Canadian Task Force classification III). After dissections, positioning of the mesh on the dome and on the anterior and posterior vaginal walls is explained. The out-in technique of lateral suspension with the specific mesh is described. In this difficult case of vaginal vault prolapse, the LLS using a precut cross-shaped mesh was placed in good conditions, providing the patient with a minimum risk of complications and with the benefits of minimally invasive approach

Laparoscopic myomectomy

The gold standard access for myomectomy is laparoscopy in selected cases, including intramural and sub-serous symptomatic leiomyomas. The main contraindications concern inexperience of the surgeon, severe necrobiosis, suspected leiomyosarcoma and excessive size. The tips and tricks of the laparoscopic technique are described, specially enucleation, myometrium suture and prevention adhesions

Role of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of external genital endometriosis: review of 77 cases.

Peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis are anatomically highly polymorphous and can give rise to pain and sterility. Endometriosis can be recognized and evaluated by means of laparoscopy and an appropriate therapeutic strategy determined. Surgical laparoscopy using lasers (CO2, KTP and argon) produces excellent results. More than 80% of cases can be treated by coelioscopy, bearing in mind that severe endometriosis can require classic surgery and remains difficult to perform. However, one basic idea should not be forgotten, ie, that endometriosis is a progressive disease. Restoration of anatomic pelvic integrity (with free pouch of Douglas, mobility of appendages and functional ovaries) is the only guarantee of good fertility, achievable by interruption of progression of the disease. Following therapeutic trials with danazol, norsteroidal progestagens, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists have opened up wide perspectives for use and we use them in combination with coeliac surgery. Our experience has paralleled that of Donnez and Bruhat, with almost identical results

Consider the Risk of Vesicouterine Fistula in the Event of Intermittent Fluid Vaginal Discharge after a Cesarean Section

Though the number of Vesicouterine Fistulas is steadily increasing in association with the increasing number of cesarean sections, clinical presentation can be subtle and not easily identified. In this case study, we will review the presenting symptoms of this complication and suggest an updated management protocol