Le pavillon de l’Algérie à travers les expositions coloniales, internationales et universelles

Indépendamment du statut de l’exposition (universelle, internationale, coloniale ou autre), l’Algérie fut significativement présente. De 1849 à 1937, ce pays fut exposé à Paris et dans plusieurs autres villes. L’architecture des pavillons a adopté une logique spécifique, liée étroitement aux expositions. La suprématie des styles vernaculaires algériens révèle l’envi de montrer des lieux exotiques et folkloriques. Si le Néo Classique, l’Art Nouveau et l’Art Déco étaient fortement présents sur le sol algérien, ils se sont rarement manifestés dans les différentes expositions. Face à cela, la société coloniale avec ses repères culturels et architecturaux a été étonnamment ignorée. Ces différentes observations représentent l’axe principal du présent travail.A prescindere dalla tipologia di esposizione (universale, internazionale, coloniale o altro), l’Algeria è stata significativamente presente. Dal 1849 al 1937, il paese ha partecipato alle mostre di Parigi e di molte altre città. L’architettura dei padiglioni ha adottato una logica specifica, strettamente correlata alle mostre. La supremazia degli stili vernacolari algerini rivela il desiderio di portare in scena luoghi esotici e folcloristici. Se lo stile neoclassico, l’Art Nouveau e l’Art Déco erano fortemente radicati nel territorio algerino, raramente hanno fatto la loro comparsa nelle varie mostre. D’altro canto, la società coloniale con le sue attrazioni culturali e architettoniche è stata sorprendentemente ignorata. Queste diverse considerazioni rappresentano l’argomento principale del presente contributo.The pavilions architecture had a specific logic, closely linked to exhibitions. The supremacy of Algerian vernacular styles reveals the desire to show exotic and folk places. If the Neo Classical, Art Nouveau and Art Déco were strongly present on the Algerian territory, they were rarely exhibited indeed. In regards to that, this colonial society including its cultural and architectural specifities remained ignored. These observations represent the main topic in this work

Architecture des établissements thermaux en Algérie durant le XIXe siècle

Nel corso della seconda metà del XIX secolo, nella parte settentrionale del territorio algerino – dove autoctoni e coloni vivevano separatamente – vennero creati alcuni stabilimenti termali. Questi edifici, realizzati con un’architettura specifica, erano destinati tanto agli algerini quanto agli europei. Spesso ispirati dalla tradizione locale, il loro aspetto esprimeva anche caratteristiche legate alla loro attività e funzione e traduceva i differenti codici culturali delle due clientele, sia quella di origine algerina, sai quella europea. Questo lavoro intende analizzare lo stile architettonico di questi edifici e mettere in rilievo le specificità estetiche locali impiegate in questo tipo di costruzioni, considerando la loro funzionalità e l’origine degli utenti (europei o algerini).During the second half of the nineteenth century, spas were born on the northern part of the Algerian territory, where aboriginals and settlers were living separately. These architecturally specific buildings were intended for both Algerians and Europeans. Often of local traditional inspiration, their look also included characteristics related to their activity and function, and reflected the varied cultural codes of the dual clientele of Algerian and European origin. The present work aims to analyze the architectural style of these establishments and to distinguish the local aesthetic specificities used in this type of building, by considering their functionality and the origin of the users (Europeans or Algerians).Durant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, des établissements thermaux voient le jour sur la partie nord du territoire algérien, où vivent alors de façon séparée autochtones et colons. Ces bâtiments, d’une architecture spécifique, étaient destinés autant aux Algériens qu’aux Européens. Souvent d’inspiration traditionnelle locale, leur image comportait aussi des caractéristiques liées à leurs activité et fonction, et traduisait les codes culturels variés de la clientèle duelle d’origine algérienne et européenne. Le présent travail vise à analyser le style architectural de ces établissements et à distinguer les spécificités esthétiques locales utilisées dans ce type de bâtiment, cela en considérant leur fonctionnalité et l’origine des usagers (Européens ou Algériens)

Evaluation of the Role of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of PET/HDPE Blends

In this paper, blends of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with and without a compatibilizer were prepared using a Brabender Haake Rheocord at 270°C and 32rpm. Ethylene vinyl acetate was chosen as the compatibilizer and its proportion was set to 5, 7, and 10 wt%. The thermal properties and crystallization behavior were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Micromechanical properties were also investigated using a Vickers microindentation tester. The DSC analysis indicates that the melting temperature of r-PET and HDPE in all the blends, compatibilized and uncompatibilized, remains constant and almost the same as those of the pure component. On the other hand, it is shown that the degree of crystallinity of HDPE in the blends calculated by DSC depends on the composition of the polymeric mixture. However, the Hardness (H) decreases with increasing r-PET content until 50/50 composition of r-PET/HDPE is reached, whereas for larger r-PET content values, H increases. The same trend was obtained with the addition of the compatibilizer

Role of a Compatibilizer in the Structure and Micromechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Polyolefin Blends with Clay

The comparison of the degree of crystallinity and the micromechanical properties in the blends of recycled amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a compatibilizer in different proportions is reported. The physical study of the composites of the compatibilized blends and clay is also discussed. The analysis, performed by means of wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry techniques, permits us to describe, at microscale level, the role of the compatibilizer on the structure and microhardness of the polymer blends that we studied. The results reveal that PET was incompatible with both iPP and HDPE. However, the presence of the compatibilizer, a styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride, allowed the compatibilization of these polymers. In the PET/iPP blends, the clay seemed to have a nucleating effect on the iPP and also induced a hardness increase in the compatibilized blends. On the other hand, in case of PET/HDPE, the crystallinity of these samples (pure blends,blends with compatibilizer, and blends with compatibilizer plus clay) only depended on their composition. Similarly to the PET/iPP blends, the addition of clay induced an increase in the hardness of the ompatibilized blends.Peer reviewe

P16-37. HIV controllers with weak CD8+ T cell responses maintain a tight control of infection despite carrying infectious viruses

International audienc

P16-45. High avidity CD4+ T cell response directed to an immunodominant Gag epitope in HIV controllers: an ANRS EP36 study

International audiencen.

Limited effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive injecting drug users on the population level

There is evidence that HIV-positive injecting drug users benefit less than other risk groups from highly active antiretroviral therapy that has been available since 1996. In this multicentre European study the impact of the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the progression rates to AIDS and death among injecting drug users with a documented date of HIV seroconversion is studied. After highly active antiretroviral therapy became available the risk of AIDS and death for injecting drug users decreased by 28% and 36%, which is less than has been reported for other risk group

Blunted Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Elite Controllers: An International HIV Controller Collaboration

Objective: HIV “elite controllers” (ECs) spontaneously control viral load, but some eventually require combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), due to a loss of viral control or a decline in CD4 T-cell counts. Here we studied the CD4 T-cell count dynamics after cART initiation among 34 ECs followed in U.S. and European cohorts, by comparison with chronically viremic patients (VIRs). Methods: ECs were defined as patients with at least ≥5 viral load (VL) measurements below 400 copies/mL during at least a 5-year period despite never receiving ART and were selected from the French ANRS CO18 cohort, the U.S. SCOPE cohort, the International HIV Controllers study and the European CASCADE collaboration. VIRs were selected from the ANRS COPANA cohort of recently-diagnosed (<1 year) ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults. CD4 T-cell count dynamics after cART initiation in both groups were modelled with piecewise mixed linear models. Results: After cART initiation, CD4 T-cell counts showed a biphasic rise in VIRs with: an initial rapid increase during the first 3 months (+0.63/month), followed by +0.19/month. This first rapid phase was not observed in ECs, in whom the CD4Tc count increased steadily, at a rate similar to that of the second phase observed in VIRs. After cART initiation at a CD4 T-cell count of 300/mm3, the estimated mean CD4 T-cell gain during the first 12 months was 139/mm3 in VIRs and 80/mm3 in ECs (p = 0.048). Conclusions: cART increases CD4 T-cell counts in elite controllers, albeit less markedly than in other patients

Spread of Hepatitis C Virus among European Injection Drug Users Infected with HIV: A Phylogenetic Analysis

To describe the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected injection drug users (IDUs), the molecular epidemiology of HCV was studied among 108 IDUs from 7 European countries. Phylogenetic analysis based on the NS5B region showed great sequence variation of HCV within each country and no clear phylogenetic clustering by geographic region. The most prevalent subtypes were 1a and 3a, but the percentage of genotype 4 was also relatively high, ranging from 7% in northern Europe to 24% in southern Europe. Genotype 4 consisted mainly of subtype 4d and has entered the majority of the IDU populations studied. The significantly lower evolutionary distances within subtype 4d suggest that this subtype may have entered the European IDU population relatively recently. In conclusion, HCV exchange between European IDU populations has occurred on a large scale, and, overall, country-specific clustering for HCV was less than that shown for HI

Dendritic Cells from HIV Controllers Have Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection In Vitro but High Capacity to Capture HIV-1 Particles

ANRS CO21 CODEX cohortInternational audienceHIV controllers (HICs), rare HIV-1 infected individuals able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy, are characterized by an efficient polyfunctional and cytolytic HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of such response in many HICs despite controlled viremia are not clear. Dendritic cells play a crucial role in the generation and reactivation of T cell responses but scarce information is available on those cells in HICs. We found that monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) from HICs are less permissive to HIV-1 infection than cells from healthy donors. In contrast MDDCs from HICs are particularly efficient at capturing HIV-1 particles when compared to cells from healthy donors or HIV-1 patients with suppressed viral load on antiretroviral treatment. MDDCs from HICs expressed on their surface high levels of syndecan-3, DC-SIGN and MMR, which could cooperate to facilitate HIV-1 capture. The combination of low susceptibility to HIV-1 infection but enhanced capacity to capture particles might allow MDDCs from HICs to preserve their function from the deleterious effect of infection while facilitating induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by cross-presentation in a context of low viremia