Effet de la fertilisation azotée et phosphorée sur le développement de la Panachure jaune en riziculture aquatique en Côte d’Ivoire

La crise mondiale du riz survenue en 2008 a montré l’impérative nécessité pour les pays tributaires des importations comme la Côte d’Ivoire, d’assurer leur autosuffisance. La fertilisation minérale figure parmiles cinq axes stratégiques définis pour l’accroissement de la production rizicole en Côte d’Ivoire. Sachant l’effet stimulateur de l’engrais azoté sur le développement de certaines maladies telle que la Pyriculariose duriz, un essai a été conduit dans le but de savoir l’influence d’une application optimale de l’azote sur l’épidémie de la Panachure jaune du riz ou Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV). L’étude a été réalisée selon un dispositif expérimental en SPLIT-PLOT comportant quatre niveaux d’azote (0 kg N Ha-1, 30 kg N Ha-1, 60 kg N Ha-1, 120 kg N Ha-1), trois niveaux de phosphore (0 kg P Ha-1, 13 kg P Ha-1, 26 kg N Ha-1) et 10 génotypes de riz irrigué. Les résultats ont montré que le phosphore et l’interaction NxP n’ont aucun effet significatif sur l’épidémie de RYMV. A l’opposé, les analyses ont mis en évidence un effet significatif de l’azote sur l’incidence de la Panachure jaune à des doses comprises entre 0 et 30 Kg N Ha-1. Cet intervalle de doses étant en deçà de celui des doses recommandées en Côte d’Ivoire, l’intensification de la riziculture aquatique par unefertilisation azotée optimale, n’aura pas d’incidence significative sur le développement de la Panachure jaune. Il faudra cependant sensibiliser les riziculteurs sur l’intérêt d’appliquer des doses d’engrais recommandées dans la lutte contre la virose.Mots clés: Riz irrigué, fertilisation minérale, épidémie, RYMV, incidence

Effet du paillage par des residus de pois d’angole (cajanus cajan l.) sur le rendement du riz (oryza sativa) pluvial en zone forestiere de Côte d’Ivoire

La riziculture pluviale, en zone forestière de la Côte d'Ivoire, est confrontée à plusieurs contraintes, dont, notamment la baisse de fertilité du sol et l'enherbement excessif. L'effet du paillage de Cajanus cajan comme engrais organique pour le riz pluvial, NERICA 1(Bonfani), a été évalué, en termes de rendement du riz. Cette étude a été conduite de 2003 à 2005 à la station de recherche du Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) de Gagnoa. Deux rotations, à base de riz, avec les jachères à C. cajan de 6 mois et de 12 mois ont été testées et comparées, à celle avec la jachère naturelle. La biomasse des précédentes jachères est restée sur le sol comme mulch. Les résultats montrent que C. cajan âgé de 12 mois a produit une biomasse sèche de 17 t ha-1, en moyenne sur deux ans contre 1,7 t.ha-1 en 6 mois. La rotation riz avec C. cajan de 12 mois a amélioré significativement le rendement du riz, avec un gain de paddy qui a varié entre 700 et 900 kg ha-1, par rapport à la jachère naturelle. En plus, cette jachère à cajanus de 12 mois a permis de maintenir un minimum de rendement 1t ha-1. Cette technique offre une alternative de gestion durable des systèmes traditionnels de riziculture pluviale

Synthesis of New Benzylic Di-, Tri-, and Tetraphosphonic Acids as Potential Chelating Agents

Abstract New di-, tri-, and tetraphosphonic acids were synthesized starting from four o-hydroxymethyl phenol derivatives and obtained in three steps in good overall yield. The phosphonic acids were isolated and purified using semi-preparative C18 HPLC column. The new compounds were characterized using different spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C, and 31P NMR; ESI MS; and MSn, IR). GRAPHICAL ABSTRAC

Producing red clover seeds for organic agriculture

This tool is a data sheet that can be used by French farmers who produce or want to produce red clover seeds in organic conditions. It provides advice starting from the contract signing to the seed drying, going through the specificities of the crop, the sowing, irrigation, specific pests and their management, and the harvest

Securing virtual network function placement with high availability guarantees

Virtual Network Functions as a Service (VNFaaS) is currently under attentive study by telecommunications and cloud stakeholders as a promising business and technical direction consisting of providing network functions as a service on a cloud (NFV Infrastructure), instead of delivering standalone network appliances, in order to provide higher scalability and reduce maintenance costs. However, the functioning of such NFVI hosting the VNFs is fundamental for all the services and applications running on top of it, forcing to guarantee a high availability level against attacks and software failures. Indeed the availability of an VNFaaS relies on the failure rate of its single components, namely the servers, the virtualization software, and the communication network. The proper assignment of the virtual machines implementing network functions to NFVI servers and their protection from both endogenous and exogenous threats is essential to guarantee high availability. We model the High Availability Virtual Network Function Placement (HA- VNFP) as the problem of finding the best assignment of virtual machines to servers guaranteeing protection by replication. We propose a probabilistic approach to measure the real availability of a system and design both efficient and effective algorithms that can be used by stakeholders for both online and offline planning

Gamma oscillations in V1 are correlated with GABA(A) receptor density: A multi-modal MEG and Flumazenil-PET study.

High-frequency oscillations in the gamma-band reflect rhythmic synchronization of spike timing in active neural networks. The modulation of gamma oscillations is a widely established mechanism in a variety of neurobiological processes, yet its neurochemical basis is not fully understood. Modeling, in-vitro and in-vivo animal studies suggest that gamma oscillation properties depend on GABAergic inhibition. In humans, search for evidence linking total GABA concentration to gamma oscillations has led to promising -but also to partly diverging- observations. Here, we provide the first evidence of a direct relationship between the density of GABA(A) receptors and gamma oscillatory gamma responses in human primary visual cortex (V1). By combining Flumazenil-PET (to measure resting-levels of GABA(A) receptor density) and MEG (to measure visually-induced gamma oscillations), we found that GABA(A) receptor densities correlated positively with the frequency and negatively with amplitude of visually-induced gamma oscillations in V1. Our findings demonstrate that gamma-band response profiles of primary visual cortex across healthy individuals are shaped by GABA(A)-receptor-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. These results bridge the gap with in-vitro and animal studies and may have future clinical implications given that altered GABAergic function, including dysregulation of GABA(A) receptors, has been related to psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and depression

Temporal variability of mineral dust in southern Tunisia : analysis of 2 years of PM10 concentration, aerosol optical depth, and meteorology monitoring

International audienceThe south of Tunisia is a region very prone to wind erosion. During the last decades, changes in soil management have led to an increase in wind erosion. In February 2013, a ground-based station dedicated to the monitoring of mineral dust (that can be seen in this region as a proxy of the erosion of soils by wind) was installed at the Institut des Régions Arides (IRA) of Médenine (Tunisia) to document the temporal variability of mineral dust concentrations. This station allows continuous measurements of surface PM10 concentration (TEOM™), aerosol optical depth (CIMEL sunphotometer), and total atmospheric deposition of insoluble dust (CARAGA automatic sampler). The simultaneous monitoring of meteorological parameters (wind speed and direction, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitations) allows to analyse the factors controlling the variations of mineral dust concentration from the sub-daily to the annual scale. The results from the two first years of measurements of PM10 concentration are presented and discussed. In average on year 2014, PM10 concentration is 56 µg/m3. However, mineral dust concentration highly varies throughout the year: very high PM10 concentrations (up to 1,000 µg/m3 in daily mean) are frequently observed during wintertime and springtime, hardly ever in summer. These episodes of high PM10 concentration (when daily average PM10 concentration is higher than 240 µg/m3) sometimes last several days. By combining local meteorological data, air-masses trajectories, sunphotometer measurements, and satellite imagery, the part of the high PM10 concentration due to local emissions and those linked to an advection of dusty air masses by medium and long range transport from the Sahara desert is quantified

Kak's three-stage protocol of secure quantum communication revisited: Hitherto unknown strengths and weaknesses of the protocol

Kak's three-stage protocol for quantum key distribution is revisited with special focus on its hitherto unknown strengths and weaknesses. It is shown that this protocol can be used for secure direct quantum communication. Further, the implementability of this protocol in the realistic situation is analyzed by considering various Markovian noise models. It is found that the Kak's protocol and its variants in their original form can be implemented only in a restricted class of noisy channels, where the protocols can be transformed to corresponding protocols based on logical qubits in decoherence free subspace. Specifically, it is observed that Kak's protocol can be implemented in the presence of collective rotation and collective dephasing noise, but cannot be implemented in its original form in the presence of other types of noise, like amplitude damping and phase damping noise. Further, the performance of the protocol in the noisy environment is quantified by computing average fidelity under various noise models, and subsequently a set of preferred states for secure communication in noisy environment have also been identified.Comment: Kak's protocol is not suitable for quantum cryptography in presence of nois

Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of a series of manganese(II) and copper(II) complexes with ligands derived from reduced N,N′-O-phenylenebis(salicylideneimine)

A series of manganese(II) and copper(II) complexes with reduced Schiff bases derived from o-phenylenediamine has been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, TG measurements, ESR, magnetic measurements, FTIR, UV–Visible spectra and conductivity. These complexes were found to be [MnL(H2O)n] and [CuL](H2O)n species with n = 0–2. Their antifungal activity was evaluated on different human fungi including yeasts of the Candida genus (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilopsis) some opportunistic moulds belonging to the Aspergillus (A. fumigatus, A. terreus and A. flavus), Scedosporium genus (S. apiospermum and S. prolificans) and some dermatophytes (M. gypseum, M. persicolor, T. mentagrophytes, M. canis and T. tonsurans). The manganese complexes showed a significant growth inhibition of the dermatophytes tested and fungi of the genus Scedosporium. This is very interesting as these fungi are usually poorly susceptible to current antifungal including Amphotericin B and Itraconazole chosen as reference in this study