L'âgisme (étude de la nature, des théories explicatives et des mesures directes et indirectes d'un phénomène psychosocial)

Quelle est la vraie nature de l âgisme, comment l explique-t-on et comment le mesure-t-on ? Voici les trois principales interrogations qui ont guidé notre travail. Nous avons essayé d étudier ce phénomène sous l angle des théories et des paradigmes les plus récents de la cognition sociale qu elle soit explicite ou implicite. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties : une partie théorique et une autre empirique. Dans la première, nous avons tenté d explorer la nature de l âgisme : est-il une attitude, un stéréotype ? Comment fonctionne-t-il ? Comment agit-il? Comment l explique-t-on ? Plusieurs théories explicatives ont été explorées telles que la perspective sociocognitive des stéréotypes de l âge, la théorie de l identité sociale, la théorie de la double norme du vieillissement ou encore la théorie de gestion de la terreur. Sans oublier le rôle de certains aspects de la personnalité dans les différences individuelles liées à l âgisme. Un autre aspect majeur abordé est celui de l âgisme implicite présenté sous l angle de la cognition sociale implicite. La seconde partie présente six études empiriques. Les deux premières portent sur l âgisme explicite et se proposent d adapter et valider une mesure directe de l âgisme, ainsi que de soumettre à l épreuve des faits un modèle structural mettant en jeu certaines variables de personnalité explicatives des préjugés. A notre connaissance, nous offrons à travers ce travail, la première mesure directe francophone de l âgisme, dûment validée. Les quatre autres études expérimentales portent sur l âgisme implicite. Les deux premières concernent la construction et la validation d une mesure indirecte de l âgisme. Nous avons retenu le Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) pour construire une mesure indirecte absolue par opposition à une mesure relative produite par le célèbre Implicit Association Test (IAT). Nous offrons aussi à travers ce travail, la première mesure indirecte absolue de l âgisme en opposition aux mesures indirectes relatives utilisant l IAT. La troisième explore l âgisme implicite à la lumière du paradigme des stéréotypes multiples de l âge et de la théorie de la gestion de la terreur. Enfin, la dernière explore l âgisme implicite à la lumière de la double norme du vieillissement.What is the real nature of ageism? How do we explain and measure it? Here are the three main questions which have guided our work. We have tried to study this phenomenon from the theories and most recent paradigms perspectives of the social cognition whether they are explicit or implicit. The thesis is divided in two parts: One is theoretical while the other one is empirical. In the first one, we have tried to explore the nature of ageism: Is it an attitude, a stereotype? How does it function? How does it act? How do we explain it? Several explicative theories have been explored such as the social cognitive perspective of age stereotypes, the social identity theory, the double standard of aging and the terror management theory without omitting the role of certain aspects of personality in the individual differences linked to ageism. Another important factor is the implicit ageism as seen in the implicit social cognition. The second part deals with 6 empirical studies. The first two parts are about explicit ageism and try to adapt and validate a direct measure on ageism. This measure is therefore integrated to a structural model which includes certain personality variables related to generalized prejudice. To our knowledge, we introduce through this study the first French direct measure on ageism duly validated. The other four experimental studies deal with implicit ageism when the first two studies concerned the construction and validation of an indirect measure of ageism. We have used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to build an absolute indirect measure as opposed to a relative measure produced by the famous Implicit Association Test (IAT). The third study explores the implicit ageism through the paradigm of multiple stereotypes due to age and terror management theory. Finally, the last one explores implicit ageism through the double standard of aging.NANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Not All ‘Intouchables’: Variations in Humanness Perceptions between Physical and Mental Disability

International audiencePeople with disabilities remain discriminated against, especially those living with mental disabilities compared to those living with physical disabilities, which might be rooted in a dehumanization process. Because there is evidence pointing to a tendency to dehumanize people with mental disabilities, the aim of this research (N = 559) was to demonstrate the differences in humanness attributions to people with mental and physical disabilities. The results showed that people with mental disabilities are perceived as being less human than people with physical disabilities, whether it be on blatant or subtle measures of dehumanization. More specifically, whereas dehumanization was clearly evidenced for people with mental disabilities, there was no evidence found concerning the dehumanization of people with physical disabilities. The latter were even attributed more humanness-related characteristics than people without physical disabilities. Therefore, contrasted humanness attributions between people labeled as having mental or physical disabilities should be taken into consideration if the image of people with disabilities is to change

Assessing the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Succession, Identity and Consumption (SIC) Scale Across Four French-Speaking Countries

French-speaking countries are aging fast, forcing them to accommodate their older population and, most likely, generating ageism. The present study aims to investigate this issue by examining the cross-cultural validity of a scale assessing prescriptive ageism: the Succession, Identity, Consumption scale. In four French-speaking countries (Canada, France, Belgium and Switzerland), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results reveal the suitability of both a three-factor 15-item model and a higher-order factor model. Multiple-group CFA revealed measurement invariance of both models across countries. MIMIC (Multiple Indicators MultIple Causes) modeling showed that the Canadians obtained the highest ageism scores, followed by the French, Belgians, and Swiss. Second, using dynamic indicators of socioeconomic parameters, we observed that rapid aging populations and additional pressure on the workforce could be viewed as key factors for understanding global ageism as well as succession and consumption-based prescriptions

A multilab replication of the induced-compliance paradigm of cognitive dissonance

According to cognitive-dissonance theory, performing counterattitudinal behavior produces a state of dissonance that people are motivated to resolve, usually by changing their attitude to be in line with their behavior. One of the most popular experimental paradigms used to produce such attitude change is the induced-compliance paradigm. Despite its popularity, the replication crisis in social psychology and other fields, as well as methodological limitations associated with the paradigm, raise concerns about the robustness of classic studies in this literature. We therefore conducted a multilab constructive replication of the induced-compliance paradigm based on Croyle and Cooper (Experiment 1). In a total of 39 labs from 19 countries and 14 languages, participants (N = 4,898) were assigned to one of three conditions: writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice, writing a counterattitudinal essay under low choice, or writing a neutral essay under high choice. The primary analyses failed to support the core hypothesis: No significant difference in attitude was observed after writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice compared with low choice. However, we did observe a significant difference in attitude after writing a counterattitudinal essay compared with writing a neutral essay. Secondary analyses revealed the pattern of results to be robust to data exclusions, lab variability, and attitude assessment. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted to test predictions from cognitive-dissonance theory. Overall, the results call into question whether the induced-compliance paradigm provides robust evidence for cognitive dissonance

A Multilab Replication of the Induced-Compliance Paradigm of Cognitive Dissonance

According to cognitive-dissonance theory, performing counterattitudinal behavior produces a state of dissonance that people are motivated to resolve, usually by changing their attitude to be in line with their behavior. One of the most popular experimental paradigms used to produce such attitude change is the induced-compliance paradigm. Despite its popularity, the replication crisis in social psychology and other fields, as well as methodological limitations associated with the paradigm, raise concerns about the robustness of classic studies in this literature. We therefore conducted a multilab constructive replication of the induced-compliance paradigm based on Croyle and Cooper (Experiment 1). In a total of 39 labs from 19 countries and 14 languages, participants (N = 4,898) were assigned to one of three conditions: writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice, writing a counterattitudinal essay under low choice, or writing a neutral essay under high choice. The primary analyses failed to support the core hypothesis: No significant difference in attitude was observed after writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice compared with low choice. However, we did observe a significant difference in attitude after writing a counterattitudinal essay compared with writing a neutral essay. Secondary analyses revealed the pattern of results to be robust to data exclusions, lab variability, and attitude assessment. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted to test predictions from cognitive-dissonancetheory. Overall, the results call into question whether the induced-compliance paradigm provides robust evidence for cognitive dissonance