Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees.

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate

Poczucie spójności, prężności i radzenie sobie z problemami jako korelanty wypalania się sił rodziców dzieci z niepełnosprawnością. Nowe narzędzie do przesiewowego badania w zakresie wypalania rodzicielskiego

A new scale, Parental Burnout Measure - 12 (PBM-12), for measuring burnout of parents of children with disabilities is validated in the study with 246 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reveals the best fit model that comprises two correlated factors - exhaustion and helplessness. Also, in theoretical validity test, all burnout parameters negatively correlate with all parameters of the sense of coherence and resilience while positively with 3 coping parameters – Focus on and emotion venting, Behavioral disengagement, and Substance use, plus negatively – with Positive Reinterpretation and Growth Coping. The results attest the validity of PBM-12 measure in the context of theories of stress and burnout and suggest that PBM-12 can be a useful tool for screening of parental burnout. Nowa skala, Samopoczucia Rodzicielskiego (PBM-12), do pomiaru wypalania się sił u rodziców dzieci z niepełnosprawnością została uwierzytelniona w badaniu 246 rodziców. Analiza czynnikowa (Confirmatory Factor Analysis – CFA) ujawniła model najlepszego dopasowania, na który składają się dwa skorelowane ze sobą czynniki – wyczerpanie i bezradność. Ponadto, w teście poprawności teoretycznej, wszystkie parametry wypalenia ujemnie korelują ze wszystkimi parametrami poczucia koherencji i prężności, a dodatnio – z 3 parametrami radzenia sobie – koncentracja na emocjach i ich wyładowaniu,  zaprzestaniu działań i zażywaniu alkoholu lub innych substancji psychoaktywnych, oraz ujemnie – z pozytywnym przewartościowaniem i rozwojem. Wyniki potwierdzają zasadność pomiaru PBM-12 w kontekście teorii stresu i wypalenia oraz sugerują, że PBM-12 może być użytecznym narzędziem do badania przesiewowego wypalenia rodzicielskiego, rodziców dzieci z niepełnosprawnością

COVID-19 lockdown shows how much natural mountain regions are affected by heavy tourism

Mountain areas in Poland are among the most frequented tourist destinations and such intensive tourism negatively affects the natural environment. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown restricted travel for a few months in 2020, providing a unique opportunity to observe the studied mountain environment without the impact of typical tourist traffic. This study is based on the determination of antibiotic content, hydrochemical parameters, enumeration of culturable bacterial water quality indicators, antimicrobial susceptibility tests together with extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene detection in waterborne E. coli and NGS-based bacterial community composition at six sites along the Białka river valley (one of the most popular touristic regions in Poland) in three periods: in summer and winter tourist seasons and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The results of individual measurements showed decreased numbers of bacterial indicators of water contamination (e.g. numbers of E. coli dropped from 99 × 10(4) CFU/100 ml to 12 CFU/100 ml at the most contaminated site) and the share of antimicrobial resistant E. coli (total resistance dropped from 21% in summer to 9% during lockdown, share of multidrug resistant strains from 100 to 44%, and ESBL from 20% in summer to none during lockdown). Antibiotic concentrations were the highest during lockdown. The use of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis – PCA and heatmaps) revealed a clear pattern of tourism-related anthropogenic pressure on the water environment and positive impact of COVID-19 lockdown on water quality. PCA distinguished three major factors determining water quality: F1 shows strong effect of anthropogenic pressure; F2 describes the lockdown-related quality restoration processes; F3 is semi-natural and describes the differences between the most pristine and most anthropogenically-impacted waters

Ontogenetic Exposure of Rats to Pre- and Post-Natal Manganese Enhances Behavioral Impairments Produced by Perinatal 6-Hydroxydopamine

Rats lesioned shortly after birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 134 μg icv) represent a near-ideal model of severe Parkinson\u27s disease because of the near-total destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers. The element manganese, an essential cofactor for many enzymatic reactions, itself in toxic amount, replicates some clinical features similar to those of Parkinson\u27s disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of neonatal manganese exposure on 6-OHDA modeling of Parkinson\u27s disease in rats. Manganese (MnCl 2·4H 2O) 10,000 ppm was included in the drinking water of pregnant Wistar rats from the time of conception until the 21st day after delivery, the age when neonatal rats were weaned. Control rats consumed tap water. Other groups of neonatal rat pups, on the 3rd day after birth, were pretreated with desipramine (20 mg/kg ip 1 h) prior to bilateral icv administration of 6-OHDA (30, 60, or 137 μg) or its vehicle saline-ascorbic (0.1%) (control). At 2 months after birth, in rats lesioned with 30, 60, or 134 μg 6-OHDA, endogenous striatal dopamine (DA) content was reduced, respectively, by 66, 92, and 98% (HPLC/ED), while co-exposure of these groups to perinatal manganese did not magnify the DA depletion. However, there was prominent enhancement of DA D 1 agonist (i.e., SKF 38393)-induced oral activity in the group of rats exposed perinatally to manganese and also treated neonatally with the 30 mg/kg dose of 6-OHDA. The 30 mg/kg 6-OHDA group, demonstrating cataleptogenic responses to SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg ip), developed resistance if co-exposed to perinatal manganese. In the group exposed to manganese and lesioned with the 60 mg/kg dose of 6-OHDA, there was a reduction in D2 agonist (i.e., quinpirole, 0.1 mg/kg)-induced yawning. The series of findings demonstrate that ontogenetic exposure to manganese results in an enhancement of behavioral toxicity to a moderate dose of 6-OHDA, despite the fact that there is no enhanced depletion of striatal DA depletion by the manganese treatment

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.ISSN:2045-232