Biomechanical Study of Human Mandible in Physiological State

Předkládaná studie se zabývá mechanickými aspekty lidské dolní čelisti ve fyziologickém stavu, a to v okamžiku skusu. Práce je zaměřena především na určování deformačně-napěťových stavů kostní tkáně a jejich vyhodnocování, přičemž důraz je kladen na interakci zubů s kostí. Kromě toho jsou vyhodnocovány také kontaktní tlaky v čelistních kloubech při různých zátěžných konfiguracích. Součástí analýzy je též posouzení různých úrovní modelů materiálu některých prvků soustavy. Problém určení deformačně-napěťových stavů je řešen výpočtovým modelováním s využitím metody konečných prvků. V práci je provedena podrobná analýza prvků žvýkacího aparátu a je detailně popsán způsob jejich modelování. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována mode-lování spongiózní kosti a také periodontia, které zprostředkovává interakci mezi zubem a al-veolární kostí. Trojrozměrná geometrie dolní čelisti i všech řešených zubů byla získána digi-talizací reálných objektů, a to s využitím metod trojrozměrného optického skenování. V práci jsou posouzeny tři různé modely materiálu periodontia: Lineární isotropní model, bilineární isotropní model a lineární ortotropní model. Jsou analyzovány charakteristiky těchto modelů a zejména u ortotropního modelu, který se v odborné literatuře takřka nevyskytuje, je navrženo devět konstant nově popisujících tento model. Na dvojrozměrných modelech je dále analyzován rozdíl v mechanické odezvě spongiózní kosti na zatížení zubu v případech, že kost je modelována buď jako homogenní souvislá oblast nebo s detailní trámečkovou architekturou. Výpočtový model je rozdělen do čtyř základních variant lišících se úrovní geometrie žvý-kacího aparátu: A – 2D úroveň geometrie kosti; B – 3D úroveň geometrie segmentu kosti s jedním zubem a maximálně třemi zuby; C – 3D úroveň geometrie celé dolní čelisti s jedním zubem; D – 3D úroveň geometrie celé dolní čelisti s plnou denticí. Jednotlivé základní varian-ty výpočtového modelu jsou dále řešeny v různých obměnách pro různé modely materiálu apod.This study deals with the mechanical aspects of human mandible in physiological state during the occlusion. The work is focused on evaluation of stress-strain conditions of bone tissue. The emphasis is paid to the interaction of teeth with the bone. In addition, contact pres-sures in temporomandibular joints during various loading conditions were determined. The analysis of material model of some parts of the system regarding their modelling-level is pre-sented as well. The problem concerning the evaluation of stress-strain states is solved by computational simulation using the finite element method. The presented work is a detailed analysis of the parts of the masticatory system and a thorough description of their modelling is presented. Special focus is paid to modelling of cancellous bone as well as of periodontal tissue which mediates the interaction between a tooth and the alveolar bone. Three-dimensional geometry of the mandible and all its teeth has been obtained by using the digitizing of real objects, namely by using of three-dimensional optical scanner. Three various modelling levels of the material of periodontium are assessed: Linear iso-tropic model, bilinear isotropic model and linear orthotropic model. Characteristics of these models are analyzed and especially nine new constants describing orthotropic model (which is almost absent in the literature) are proposed. Two-dimensional models are used for analysis of differencies in mechanical response of cancellous bone to the tooth loading. Two cases are considered: Cancellous bone as a ho-mogenous continuous model on one hand and with detailed trabeculous architecture model on the other. Computational model is divided into four basic cases varying in level of masticatory appa-ratus geometry: A – 2D geometry of bone; B – 3D geometry of bone segment with one tooth through three teeth; C – 3D geometry of whole mandible with the only tooth; D – 3D geome-try of whole mandible with all teeth. All basic cases are further researched in different varia-tions for different material models etc.

The quantity and attributes of woody accumulations in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains streams

Wood accumulations are important morphological agents forming the character of high-gradient streams in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. The aim of the research is to define both the extent and character of the impact of wood accumulations on the streams. A total of 126 accumulations have been identified of the total wood volume of 503 m3 that is unevenly distributed within the studied streambeds. The wood volume in the studied streambeds is particularly dependent on the age and species composition of vegetation, channel morphology, and the geological bedrock resistance to the action of the stream, especially in forced alluvial reaches. The research revealed the deposition of fine-grained material immediately upstream of the wood accumulations, creating gravel bars and capturing fine organic debris. On the other hand, immediately downstream of the accumulations fine-grained fractions are carried away and coarser material is deposited, creating pools and plunge pools, evorsion potholes and bank scours. The research further showed a low intensity of the transport of woody material through the streambeds. The accumulations usually occur in the place where the stream has been dammed by a fallen tree member or in structurally predisposed streambed segments. As a result, discontinuities in energy and material flow occur that help to increase the streambed heterogeneity

The quantity and attributes of woody accumulations in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains streams

Wood accumulations are important morphological agents forming the character of high-gradient streams in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. The aim of the research is to define both the extent and character of the impact of wood accumulations on the streams. A total of 126 accumulations have been identified of the total wood volume of 503 m3 that is unevenly distributed within the studied streambeds. The wood volume in the studied streambeds is particularly dependent on the age and species composition of vegetation, channel morphology, and the geological bedrock resistance to the action of the stream, especially in forced alluvial reaches. The research revealed the deposition of fine-grained material immediately upstream of the wood accumulations, creating gravel bars and capturing fine organic debris. On the other hand, immediately downstream of the accumulations fine-grained frac-tions are carried away and coarser material is deposited, creating pools and plunge pools, evorsion potholes and bank scours. The research further showed a low intensity of the transport of woody material through the streambeds. The accumulations usually occur in the place where the stream has been dammed by a fallen tree member or in structurally predisposed streambed segments. As a result, discontinuities in energy and material flow occur that help to increase the streambed heterogen203

Efekt listového opadu při formování korytové morfologie step-pool vysokogradientových toků v Moravskoslezských Beskydech

Channel morphology step-pool represents a morphodynamic complex influenced by large woody debris and litter-fall. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of litter-fall on the channel morphology step-pool. General conclusions regarding the influence of litter-fall on channel morphology step-pool were based on results of geomorphological analyses. The study showed differences between river segments with or without foliaged steps. The pools following foliaged steps have a finer grain size composition of sediment. They are also larger, shallower and have a higher retention capacity. Foliaged steps help to decrease potential energy of water more effectively. If the litter-fall is permanently preserved at the step, it makes it more resistant to extreme water flows. As a result, it enables the development of a fully functional channel morphology step-pool.839

On the level of computational model of a human skull: a comparative study

In this study, different patient-specific computational models of the skull, which are often used in literature, were investigated, analysed and compared.The purpose of this studywas to demonstrate the differences in computational model creation and results in case different computationalmodels based on same computed tomography (CT) dataset are used. The selection of computationalmodel directly influences the values of investigated parameters. The effort is to demonstrate, how the selection of the computational model influences the results of biomechanically relevant parameters. The comparison was based on total displacement of the skull and von Mises strain investigated around predefined paths around the skull. The strain values were evaluated according to criterion from literature. The results were obtained using finite element method. The values of the displacement of the skull were higher in case of considering cancellous bone tissue due to its poor material properties or heterogeneous material properties. The same situation occurred during the evaluation of strain. The values were higher in models which include cancellous bone tissue in the structure

Strain-stress analysis of lower limb with applied fixator

This paper compares physiological state of tibia before and after application of an external fixator. The fixator systems’ models but also model of tibia are loaded in the direction of body axis. The paper is focused on the examination of differences in stiffness before and after the application of fixation. Two types of axial external fixators are compared. Both fixators differ in their construction. The first fixator is two-frame and fixation rods are used for fixing the bone tissue (variant I). The second one is fixed into tibia with screws (variant II). We have found out that the two-frame external fixator has much bigger stiffness during limb fixation than the fixator with one body. Much higher deformations compared to physiological state of tibia occur in the variant II

Biomechanical performance of cranial implants with different thicknesses and material properties: A finite element study

This study investigated the effect of implant thickness and material on deformation and stress distribution within different components of cranial implant assemblies. Using the finite element method, two cranial implants, differing in size and shape, and thicknesses (1, 2, 3 and 4 mm, respectively), were simulated under three loading scenarios. The implant assembly model included the detailed geometries of the mini-plates and micro-screws and was simulated using a sub-modeling approach. Statistical assessments based on the Design of Experiment methodology and on multiple regression analysis revealed that peak stresses in the components are influenced primarily by implant thickness, while the effect of implant material is secondary. On the contrary, the implant deflection is influenced predominantly by implant material followed by implant thickness. The highest values of deformation under a 50 N load were observed in the thinnest (1 mm) Polymethyl Methacrylate implant (Small defect: 0.296 mm; Large defect: 0.390 mm). The thinnest Polymethyl Methacrylate and Polyether Ether Ketone implants also generated stresses in the implants that can potentially breach the materials' yield limit. In terms of stress distribution, the change of implant thickness had a more significant impact on the implant performance than the change of Young's modulus of the implant material. The results indicated that the stresses are concentrated in the locations of fixation; therefore, the detailed models of mini-plates and micro-screws implemented in the finite element simulation provided a better insight into the mechanical performance of the implant-skull system

Biomechanical study of the bone tissue with dental implants interaction

The article deals with the stress-strain analysis of human mandible in the physiological state and after the dental implant application. The evaluation is focused on assessing of the cancellous bone tissue modeling-level. Three cancellous bone model-types are assessed: Non-trabecular model with homogenous isotropic material, nontrabecular model with inhomogeneous material obtained from computer tomography data using CT Data Analysis software, and trabecular model built from mandible section image. Computational modeling was chosen as the most suitable solution method and the solution on two-dimensional level was carried out. The results show that strain is more preferable value than stress in case of evaluation of mechanical response in cancellous bone. The non-trabecular model with CT-obtained material model is not acceptable for stress-strain analysis of the cancellous bone for singularities occurring on interfaces of regions with different values of modulus of elasticity

Stress intensity, strain intensity and displacement plots of best/worst performers within each case (cases 1 through 3).

<p>The configuration details are illustrated using the marking scheme introduced in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179325#pone.0179325.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. In the illustrations–stress intensity is in PMMA implant, strain intensity is in the bone and the total displacements are for the PMMA implant.</p

Example of the verification test based on a permutation method.

<p>Frequency of best/worst configuration determined for all non-trivial permutations: a) Case 1, Best configuration, b) Case 1, Worst configuration.</p