271 research outputs found
An Investigation into the Use of Software Product Metrics for COBOL Systems
This thesis investigated several hypotheses that specific product measures could be used to predict later software lifecycle process or product measures. It collected software product and process measures from four consecutive major releases of a large Cobol legacy system (400K LOC). The types of product measures used were size and specific complexity measures. A statistical software package was used to calculate sample correlation coefficients between the measures. A 95% confidence interval was computed for each sample correlation coefficient that showed a strong or moderate linear correlation. The maintenance process measures provided were manhours used for each program changed or added, and defects detected during each change request. Sample correlation coefficients were derived to see if product measures such as size and complexity could reveal trends that could be used to estimate other software lifecycle measures such as effort or defects. The hypotheses to this research could neither be accepted nor rejected because the process measures collected by the system\u27s owners were recorded at a level too high for sound statistical analysis. Weaknesses are identified in the way these process measures are collected, and suggestions are provided on how process measures can be better identified and recorded
EROs found behind lensing clusters: II.Empirical properties, classification, and SED modelling based on multi-wavelength observations
We study the properties and nature of extremely red galaxies (ERO, R-K>5.6)
found behind two lensing clusters and compare them with other known galaxy
populations. New HST/ACS observations, Spitzer IRAC and MIPS, and Chandra/ACIS
observations of the two lensing clusters Abell 1835 and AC114 contemplate our
earlier optical and near-IR observations and have been used to study extremely
red objects (EROs) in these deep fields. We have found 6 and 9 EROs in Abell
1835 and AC114. Several (7) of these objects are undetected up to the I and/or
z band, and are hence ``optical'' drop-out sources. The photometric redshifts
of most of our sources (80%) are z~0.7-1.5. According to simple colour-colour
diagrams the majority of our objects would be classified as hosting old stellar
populations. However, there are clear signs of dusty starbursts for several
among them. These objects correspond to the most extreme ones in R-K colour. We
estimate a surface density of (0.97+-0.31) arcmin-2 for EROs with (R-K>5.6) at
K<20.5. Among our 15 EROs 6 (40 %) also classify as distant red galaxies
(DRGs). 11 of 13 EROs with available IRAC photometry also fulfil the selection
criteria for IRAC selected EROs (IEROs) of Yan et al. (2004). SED modelling
shows that ~ 36 % of the IEROs in our sample are luminous or ultra-luminous
infrared galaxies ((U)LIRG). Some very red DRGs are found to be very dusty
starbursts, even (U)LIRGs, as also supported by their mid-IR photometry. No
indication for AGNs is found, although faint activity cannot be excluded for
all objects. From mid-IR and X-ray data 5 objects are clearly classified as
starbursts. The derived properties are quite similar to those of DRGs and
IEROs, except for 5 extreme objects in terms of colours, for which a very high
extinction (Av>3) is found.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a =8.38 Galaxy
We report on the detailed analysis of a gravitationally-lensed Y-band
dropout, A2744_YD4, selected from deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging in the
Frontier Field cluster Abell 2744. Band 7 observations with the Atacama Large
Millimeter Array (ALMA) indicate the proximate detection of a significant 1mm
continuum flux suggesting the presence of dust for a star-forming galaxy with a
photometric redshift of . Deep X-SHOOTER spectra confirms the high
redshift identity of A2744_YD4 via the detection of Lyman emission at
a redshift =8.38. The association with the ALMA detection is confirmed by
the presence of [OIII] 88m emission at the same redshift. Although both
emission features are only significant at the 4 level, we argue their
joint detection and the positional coincidence with a high redshift dropout in
the HST images confirms the physical association. Analysis of the available
photometric data and the modest gravitational magnification ()
indicates A2744_YD4 has a stellar mass of 210 M, a
star formation rate of M/yr and a dust mass of
610 M. We discuss the implications of the
formation of such a dust mass only 200 Myr after the onset of cosmic
reionisation.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ
ALMA detection of [CII] 158 micron emission from a strongly lensed z=2 star-forming galaxy
Our objectives are to determine the properties of the interstellar medium
(ISM) and of star-formation in typical star-forming galaxies at high redshift.
Following up on our previous multi-wavelength observations with HST, Spitzer,
Herschel, and the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI), we have studied a
strongly lensed z=2.013 galaxy, the arc behind the galaxy cluster MACS
J0451+0006, with ALMA to measure the [CII] 158 micron emission line, one of the
main coolants of the ISM. [CII] emission from the southern part of this galaxy
is detected at 10 . Taking into account strong gravitational lensing,
which provides a magnification of , the intrinsic lensing-corrected
[CII]158 micron luminosity is . The observed
ratio of [CII]-to-IR emission, , is found to be similar to that in nearby galaxies. The same also
holds for the observed ratio , which is
comparable to that of star-forming galaxies and active galaxy nuclei (AGN) at
low redshift. We utilize strong gravitational lensing to extend diagnostic
studies of the cold ISM to an order of magnitude lower luminosity () and SFR than previous work at high redshift.
While larger samples are needed, our results provide evidence that the cold ISM
of typical high redshift galaxies has physical characteristics similar to
normal star forming galaxies in the local Universe.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysics, Letter
The first Frontier Fields cluster: 4.5{\mu}m excess in a z~8 galaxy candidate in Abell 2744
We present in this letter the first analysis of a z~8 galaxy candidate found
in the Hubble and Spitzer imaging data of Abell 2744, as part of the Hubble
Frontier Fields legacy program. We applied the most commonly-used methods to
select exceptionally high-z galaxies by combining non-detection and
color-criteria using seven HST bands. We used GALFIT on IRAC images for fitting
and subtracting contamination of bright nearby sources. The physical properties
have been inferred from SED-fitting using templates with and without nebular
emission. This letter is focussed on the brightest candidate we found
(m=26.2) over the 4.9 arcmin field of view covered by the WFC3.
It shows a non-detection in the ACS bands and at 3.6{\mu}m whereas it is
clearly detected at 4.5{\mu}m with rather similar depths. This break in the
IRAC data could be explained by strong [OIII]+H{\beta} lines at z~8 which
contribute to the 4.5{\mu}m photometry. The best photo-z is found at
z~8.0, although solutions at low-redshift (z~1.9) cannot be
completely excluded, but they are strongly disfavoured by the SED-fitting work.
The amplification factor is relatively small at {\mu}=1.490.02. The Star
Formation Rate in this object is ranging from 8 to 60 Mo/yr, the stellar mass
is in the order of M=(2.5-10) x 10Mo and the size is
r~0.350.15 kpc. This object is one of the first z~8 LBG candidates showing
a clear break between 3.6{\mu}m and 4.5{\mu}m which is consistent with the IRAC
properties of the first spectroscopically confirmed galaxy at a similar
redshift. Due to its brightness, the redshift of this object could potentially
be confirmed by near infrared spectroscopy with current 8-10m telescopes. The
nature of this candidate will be revealed in the coming months with the arrival
of new ACS and Spitzer data, increasing the depth at optical and near-IR
wavelengths.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysics Letter
News from z~6-10 galaxy candidates found behind gravitational lensing clusters
We summarise the current status of our project to identify and study z~6-10 galaxies thanks to strong gravitational lensing. Building on the detailed work from Richard et al. (2006), we present results from new follow-up observations (imaging) undertaken with ACS/HST and the Spitzer Space Telescope and compare our results with findings from the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (UDF). These new observations are in agreement with the high-z nature for the vast majority of the candidates presented in Richard et al. (2006). We also discuss the properties of other optical dropout sources found in our searches and related objects (EROs, sub-mm galaxies,...) from other surveys
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About 3.7 million people live in Kentucky, of which 1.9 million (52 percent) live in urban areas (roughly defined as any community with 2,500 or more people) and 1.8 million (48 percent) live in rural areas (University of Kentucky, 1993). Figure 1 summarizes sources of drinking water for Kentucky residents. About 70 percent of Kentuckians get their daily supply of water from surface-water sources - lakes and streams; about 25 percent get their water from ground-water wells; and about 5 percent get their water from other sources - springs, cisterns, ponds, or hauled water
Optical dropout galaxies lensed by the cluster A2667
We investigate the nature and the physical properties of z, Y and J-dropout
galaxies selected behind the lensing cluster A2667. This field is part of our
project aimed at identifying z~7-10 candidates accessible to spectroscopic
studies, based on deep photometry with ESO/VLT HAWK-I and FORS2 (zYJH and
Ks-band images, AB(3 sigma)~26-27) on a sample of lensing clusters extracted
from our multi-wavelength combined surveys with SPITZER, HST, and Herschel. In
this paper we focus on the complete Y and J-dropout sample, as well as the
bright z-dropouts fulfilling the selection criteria by Capak et al. (2011). 10
candidates are selected within the common field of ~33 arcmin2 (effective area
once corrected for contamination and lensing dilution). All of them are
detected in H and Ks bands in addition to J and/or IRAC 3.6/4.5, with
H(AB)~23.4 to 25.2, and have modest magnification factors. Although best-fit
photometric redshifts place all these candidates at high-z, the contamination
by low-z interlopers is estimated at 50-75% level based on previous studies,
and the comparison with the blank-field WIRCAM Ultra-Deep Survey (WUDS). The
same result is obtained when photometric redshifts include a luminosity prior,
allowing us to remove half of the original sample as likely z~1.7-3 interlopers
with young stellar pulations and strong extinction. Two additional sources
among the remaining sample could be identified at low-z based on a detection at
24 microns and on the HST z_850 band. These low-z interlopers are not well
described by current templates given the large break, and cannot be easily
identified based solely on optical and near-IR photometry. Given the estimated
dust extinction and high SFRs, some of them could be also detected in the IR or
sub-mm bands. After correction for likely contaminants, the observed counts at
z>7.5 seem to be in agreement with an evolving LF. (abridged)Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
EROs found behind lensing clusters. I. Stellar populations and dust properties of optical dropout EROs and comparison with related objects
Context. On the nature, redshift, stellar populations and dust properties of optically faint or non-detected extremely red objects.
Aims. Determining the nature, redshift, stellar populations and dust properties of optically faint or non-detected, extremely red objects (ERO) found from our survey of the lensing clusters A1835 and AC114 (Richard et al. 2006, A&A, 456, 861). Comparison with properties of related galaxies, such as IRAC selected EROs and a z ~ 6.5 post-starburst galaxy candidate from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
Methods. Using an updated version of Hyperz (Bolzonella et al. 2000, A&A, 363, 476) and a large number of spectral templates we perform broad-band SED fitting. The photometric observations, taken from Hempel et al. (2007, A&A, submitted), include deep optical, ACS/HST, ISAAC/VLT, IRAC/Spitzer data, and for some objects 24 m MIPS/Spitzer and sub-mm data as well.
Results. For most of the lensed EROs we find photometric redshifts showing a strong degeneracy between "low-z" (z ~ 1-3) and high-z (z ~ 6-7). Although formally best fits are often found at high-z, their resulting bright absolute magnitudes, the number density of these objects, and in some cases Spitzer photometry or longer wavelength observations, suggest strongly that all of these objects are at "low-z". The majority of these objects are best fitted with relatively young (âČ0.5-0.7 Gyr) and dusty starbursts. Three of our objects show indications for strong extinction, with A_V ~ 2.4-4. The typical stellar masses of our objects are M_* ~ (0.5-5) Ă 10^(10) M_â after correction for lensing; for the most extreme ERO in our sample, the sub-mm galaxy SMMJ14009+0252 most likely at z_(fit) ~ 3, we estimate M_* ~ 6. Ă 10^(11) M_â. For dusty objects star formation rates (SFR) have been estimated from the bolometric luminosity determined after fitting of semi-empirical starburst, ERO, and ULIRG templates.Typically we find SFR ~ (1-18) M_â yr^(-1). Again, SMMJ14009+0252 stands out as a LIRG with SFR ~ 1000 M_â yr^(-1). Finally, we predict the mid-IR to sub-mm SED of the dusty objects for comparison with future observations with APEX, Herschel, and ALMA. Concerning the comparison objects, we argue that the massive post-starburst z ~ 6.5 galaxy candidate HUDF-J2 showing observed properties very similar to our EROs, is more likely a dusty starburst at z ~ 2.3-2.6. This interpretation also naturally explains the observed 24 m emission from this object and we predict its IR to sub-mm SED. Both empirically and from our SED fits we find that the IRAC selectec EROs from Yan et al. (2004, ApJ, 616, 63) show very similar properties to our lensed EROs. Reasonable fits are found for most of them with relatively young and dusty stellar populations
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