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Observed relationships between cloud vertical structure and convective aggregation over tropical ocean
Using the satellite-infrared-based Simple Convective Aggregation Index (SCAI) to determine the degree of aggregation, 5 years of CloudSat-CALIPSO cloud profiles are composited at a spatial scale of 10 degrees to study the relationship between cloud vertical structure and aggregation.
For a given large-scale vertical motion and domain-averaged precipitation rate, there is a large decrease in anvil cloud (and in cloudiness as a whole) and an increase in clear sky and low cloud as aggregation increases.
The changes in thick anvil cloud are proportional to the changes in total areal cover of brightness temperatures below 240 K (cold cloud area, CCA), which is negatively correlated with SCAI.
Optically thin anvil cover decreases significantly when aggregation increases, even for a fixed CCA, supporting previous findings of a higher precipitation efficiency for aggregated convection.
Cirrus, congestus, and mid-level clouds do not display a consistent relationship with the degree of aggregation.
We present the lidar-observed low-level cloud cover (where the lidar is not attenuated) as our best estimate of the true low-level cloud cover and show that it increases as aggregation increases.
Qualitatively, the relationships between cloud distribution and SCAI do not change with sea-surface temperature, while cirrus clouds are more abundant and low-level clouds less at higher sea-surface temperatures.
For the observed regimes, the vertical cloud profile varies more evidently with SCAI than with mean precipitation rate.
These results confirm that convective scenes with similar vertical motion and rainfall can be associated with vastly different cloudiness (both high and low cloud) and humidity depending on the degree of convective aggregation
Conormal distributions in the Shubin calculus of pseudodifferential operators
We characterize the Schwartz kernels of pseudodifferential operators of
Shubin type by means of an FBI transform. Based on this we introduce as a
generalization a new class of tempered distributions called Shubin conormal
distributions. We study their transformation behavior, normal forms and
microlocal properties.Comment: 23 page
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization
International audienceBy coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs
Global well-posedness for a Smoluchowski equation coupled with Navier-Stokes equations in 2D
We prove global existence for a nonlinear Smoluchowski equation (a nonlinear
Fokker-Planck equation) coupled with Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions.
The proof uses a deteriorating regularity estimate and the tensorial structure
of the main nonlinear terms
Derivation of the Zakharov equations
This paper continues the study of the validity of the Zakharov model
describing Langmuir turbulence. We give an existence theorem for a class of
singular quasilinear equations. This theorem is valid for well-prepared initial
data. We apply this result to the Euler-Maxwell equations describing
laser-plasma interactions, to obtain, in a high-frequency limit, an asymptotic
estimate that describes solutions of the Euler-Maxwell equations in terms of
WKB approximate solutions which leading terms are solutions of the Zakharov
equations. Because of transparency properties of the Euler-Maxwell equations,
this study is led in a supercritical (highly nonlinear) regime. In such a
regime, resonances between plasma waves, electromagnetric waves and acoustic
waves could create instabilities in small time. The key of this work is the
control of these resonances. The proof involves the techniques of geometric
optics of Joly, M\'etivier and Rauch, recent results of Lannes on norms of
pseudodifferential operators, and a semiclassical, paradifferential calculus
Preliminary design of a new high intensity injection system for GANIL.
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/c89/papers/f6-12.pdfInternational audienc
Pengaruh Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Terhadap Kepuasan Dan Loyalitas Pelanggan (Survei Pada Pelanggan Grapari Telkomsel Di Kota Malang)
The development of business sector has come to the new era, which It grows quickly through the emulation of many companies including service company, trade company, or even manufacture company. This condition forces each company to adapt effectively. The higher level of customer's education indirectly makes the customers more critic or even smarter to choose the best choice. In this situation, the company can not only be focus on the product but also the customer's service must be noticed. If the customers are satiesfied with the service or the products, automaticly it affects the belief of the customers. The researcher used the expalanatory research with quantitative approach. In this research the researcher used three variable, variable X is Customer Relationship Management, variable Y1 is Customer Satisfaction, and the last variable Y2 is Customer Loyalty. There were 107 respondents as the sample of this research which was taken from the customers of GRAPARI TELKOMSEL Malang. The sampling technique used by the researcher was purposive sampling technique. The data classification used by the researcher was Questionnaire and the data analysis used was descriptive analysis and path analysis. Kеywords: Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Satisfaction, Customer Loyalt
A regularity class for the roots of nonnegative functions
We investigate the regularity of the positive roots of a non-negative
function of one-variable. A modified H\"older space is
introduced such that if then . This provides sufficient conditions to overcome the usual limitation
in the square root case () for H\"older functions that
need be no more than in general. We also derive bounds on the wavelet
coefficients of , which provide a finer understanding of its local
regularity.Comment: 12 page
A note on maximal estimates for stochastic convolutions
In stochastic partial differential equations it is important to have pathwise
regularity properties of stochastic convolutions. In this note we present a new
sufficient condition for the pathwise continuity of stochastic convolutions in
Banach spaces.Comment: Minor correction
Quantifying orbital Rashba effect via harmonic Hall torque measurements in transition-metal|Cu|Oxide structures
Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) plays a pivotal role in the charge-to-spin
conversion mechanisms, notably the spin Hall effect involving spin-dependent
deflection of conduction electrons and the interfacial spin Rashba-Edelstein
effect. In recent developments, significant current-induced torques have been
predicted and observed in material systems featuring interfaces with light
elements \textit{i.e.} possessing a weak SOI. These findings challenge existing
mechanisms and point to the potential involvement of the orbital counterpart of
electrons, namely the orbital Hall and orbital Rashba effects. Here, we
establish, in Pt|Co|Cu|AlOx stacking, the comparable strength between the
orbital Rashba effect at the Cu|AlOx interface and the effective spin Hall
effect in Pt|Co. Subsequently, we investigate the thickness dependence of an
intermediate Pt layer in Co|Pt|Cu|CuOx, revealing the strong signature of the
orbital Rashba effect at the Cu|CuOx interface besides the well-identified Pt
intrinsic spin Hall effect. Leveraging such contribution from the orbital
Rashba effect, we show a twofold enhancement in the effective torques on Co
through harmonic Hall measurements. This result is corroborated by
complementary spin Hall magneto-resistance and THz spectroscopy experiments.
Our results unveil unexplored aspects of the electron's orbital degree of
freedom, offering an alternative avenue for magnetization manipulation in
spintronic devices with potential implications for energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly technologies using abundant and light elements.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
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