6 research outputs found

    Les communautĂ©s microbiennes benthiques pour le diagnostic de l’impact Ă©cologique des micropolluants dans les cours d’eau

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    National audienceDe nombreux microorganismes tels que les bactĂ©ries, les champignons ou la microfaune sont complĂštement ignorĂ©s par la rĂ©glementation au sujet de la qualitĂ© des masses d’eau. Or tous ces microorganismes jouent un rĂŽle Ă©cologique majeur dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques. Au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie, divers indicateurs microbiens ont dĂ©montrĂ© leur potentiel pour le diagnostic de la pollution toxique et de ses effets. AprĂšs une description de ces outils de diagnostic et leur mise en perspective opĂ©rationnelle, cet article explore les freins ayant Ă  ce jour limitĂ© leur utilisation

    Caractérisation des effets d'une contamination complexe par les pesticides d'un petit cours d'eau vosgien emblématique (Cleurie) : une approche interdisciplinaire basée sur les biofilms phototrophes

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    National audienceLa Directive Cadre sur l’Eau impose l’atteinte ou le maintien du bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique des masses d’eau. Il s’avĂšre donc indispensable de disposer d’indicateurs prĂ©coces de la qualitĂ© des masses d’eau en conditions naturelles. Si de nombreux indicateurs existent, ils ne sont pas toujours en mesure de rĂ©vĂ©ler les effets subtils d’une faible pression Ă©pisodique sur des temps d’exposition longs. Il est donc nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper de nouveaux indicateurs, complĂ©mentaires de ceux actuels mais plus Ă  mĂȘme de traduire l’impact des contaminants chimiques, notamment les pesticides. Pour ce faire, les biofilms phototrophes prĂ©sentent un large Ă©ventail de descripteurs structurels et fonctionnels pertinents pour le diagnostic environnemental.La contamination observĂ©e depuis plusieurs annĂ©es dans la riviĂšre Cleurie (RĂ©gion Grand-Est, Vosges) constitue un cadre de travail idĂ©al pour Ă©prouver la sensibilitĂ© de ces indicateurs. En raison d’activitĂ©s industrielles (textiles), ce petit cours d’eau vosgien de tĂȘte de bassin versant forestier prĂ©sente un cocktail complexe de molĂ©cules, chroniques et Ă©pisodiques (du quotidien au saisonnier) mais en dessous des normes de qualitĂ© environnementales. Ce cocktail se caractĂ©rise par de fortes concentrations en glyphosate et son principal produit de dĂ©gradation, l’acide aminomĂ©thylphosphonique (AMPA) ainsi qu'une forte charge de matiĂšre organique dissoute (MO) dominĂ©e par des colorants et azurants optiques. Dans ce contexte notre objectif est d’estimer les potentiels effets Ă©cotoxiques et fonctionnels in situ de cette contamination complexe et d’identifier si ces effets sont liĂ©s au rejet de glyphosate et d’AMPA dans la Cleurie. Les rĂ©sultats gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s contribueront Ă  une approche sociologique qui sera dĂ©veloppĂ©e en parallĂšle pour suivre la circulation des savoirs scientifiques produits entre les diffĂ©rents acteurs (scientifiques, pouvoirs publics, citoyens
) impliquĂ©s dans une controverse locale mais qui s’inscrit dans celle plus gĂ©nĂ©rale et ancienne sur la toxicitĂ© des pesticides.DiffĂ©rentes stations ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es le long du linĂ©aire de la Cleurie et un suivi annuel de la structure (biodiversitĂ©, dĂ©formations) et du fonctionnement (approche PICT-Pollution Induced Community Tolerance) des biofilms phototrophes a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©. ParallĂšlement Ă  cette approche de terrain, des bioessais ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s pour Ă©valuer la toxicitĂ© du glyphosate sur les diatomĂ©es en conditions standardisĂ©es. Pour ce faire, les deux espĂšces Nitzschia palea et Gomphonema gracile ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©es pendant 7j Ă  une large gamme de concentration de glyphosate (0,4-84 mg/L). Dans un second temps, les deux espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©es sur une durĂ©e plus longue (28j) afin d’évaluer le potentiel tĂ©ratogĂšne du glyphosate sur la morphologie des frustules. Ces premiers rĂ©sultats semblent indiquer que la dĂ©formation des diatomĂ©es benthiques et l'acquisition de tolĂ©rance au glyphosate par les biofilms constitueraient des marqueurs plus sensibles que les indices structurels classiques (IBD...) quant Ă  la prĂ©sence de glyphosate et d’AMPA le long du linĂ©aire du cours d’eau

    Towards simple tools to assess functional effects of contaminants on natural microbial and invertebrate sediment communities

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    Surface sediments can accumulate contaminants that affect microorganisms and invertebrates and disturb benthic ecological functions. However, effects of contaminants on ecological functions supported by sediment communities are understudied. Here, we tested the relevance of two simple tools to assess the ecotoxicological effects of metal contamination on natural sediment communities using particulate organic matter breakdown and decomposition as a functional descriptor. To this aim, we performed a 21-day laboratory microcosm experiment to assess the individual and combined effects of Cu and As (nominal concentration of 40 mg kg(-1) dw each) using the bait-lamina method (cellulose, bran flakes, and active coal in PVC strips) as well as artificial tablets (cellulose, bran flakes and active coal embedded in an agar matrix). Sediment toxicity was also evaluated using the standardized ostracod toxicity test. Both the bait-lamina and artificial tablet methods showed low effects of As on organic matter breakdown and decomposition but strong effects of Cu on this important ecological function. Both also showed that the presence of Cu and As in mixture in the sediment induced total inhibition of organic matter breakdown and decomposition. The ostracod toxicity test also showed high toxicity of Cu-spiked and Cu-plus-As-spiked sediments and low toxicity of As-spiked sediments. Besides confirming that artificial organic matter substrates are relevant and useful for assessing the functional effects of contaminants on sediment micro- and macro-organism communities, these results suggest that the proposed methods offer promising perspectives for developing tools for use in assessing functional ecotoxicology in the sediment compartment

    The impact of urban contamination on antibioresistance in microbial communities from periphyton and sediments

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    International audienceSince the early 20's antibiotics have been massively produced and consumed for the benefit of bothhuman and animal health. Nevertheless, antibiotics have also reached the aquatic environmentthrough diffuse sources (e.g. veterinary treatment, contaminated manure application...) and throughwastewater. Consequently, antibiotics concentrations between the ng/L and ÎŒg/L range are regularlydetected in surface water and those molecules have also been found in sediments and aquatic biota.The ubiquitous presence of antibiotics exerts a selective pressure on microbial communities leading tothe acquisition and dissemination of antibioresistance in the environment. While both antibiotics andantibioresistance have been found in different aquatic compartments, more investigation is requiredto better understand their distribution and to identify hot spots of accumulation.In this context, we investigated the repartition of antibiotics and antibioresistance in different aquaticcompartments on 4 stations belonging to regional observatories and presenting contrasting levels ofpharmaceuticals: 2 on the Arve river belonging to Sipibel observatory and 2 on Lake Geneva belongingto the Observatory on Lakes. On the Arve river, the 2 stations were located up- and down- stream thedischarge place of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) collecting both urban and hospitalwastewaters. On Lake Geneva, one station was located in a relatively pristine area while the secondwas close to the discharge of an urban WWTP. To better identify a potential temporal dynamic ofantibiotics and antibioresistances over seasons, 6 samplings were conducted during 1.5 year. On eachsampling campaign, the following parameters were determined: (i) antibiotics levels in water,sediments and periphyton; (ii) antibioresistance in periphyton and sediments using various techniques:detection of resistance genes, integrons quantification, detection of tolerance acquisition via a PICT(Pollution Induced Community Tolerance) approach; (iii) antibiotics biodegradation potential ofmicrobial community from sediments (by radiorespirometric measurement); (iv) diversity of bacteriaand diatoms in periphyton and sediments; (v) physico-chemical parameters and (vi) metalliccontamination in sediments.While microbial resistance to antibiotics is commonly assessed by quantifying resistance genes orisolating antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance can also be estimated by measuring theacquisition of antibiotics tolerance at community level, following a PICT approach. In our study,periphytic microbial communities from the Arve river were found to have a higher tolerance to thetested antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethazine and erythromycin) than communities fromLake Geneva, in agreement with the expected levels of contamination. In addition, in some cases, ahigher tolerance was also found at stations close to WWTP effluents than in upstream/protectedstations. For example, periphytic microbial communities collected downstream the WWTP on the Arveriver were generally found to have a higher tolerance to ciprofloxacin than the upstream communities.Comparing whole community tolerance to other classical indicators of antibioresistance and toantibiotics levels in the aquatic ecosystems allows us to better understand the interconnectionbetween pharmaceutical exposure, in situ tolerance and genetic potential for antibioresistance
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