Characterizing the tissue of apple air-dried and osmo-air-dried rings by X-CT and OCT and relationship with ring crispness and fruit maturity at harvest measured by TRS

Air-dried apple rings were prepared from ‘Golden Delicious’ apples selected at harvest as less mature and more mature according to the absorption coefficient measured at 670 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS), stored in air for 5 months, and subjected to air-drying with (OSMO) and without (noOSMO) osmodehydration pre-treatment (60% sucrose syrup). Selected rings were submitted to microstructural analysis by X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), to subsurface structure analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to texture and sound emission analysis by bending–snapping test. Higher crispness index, higher number of sound events and higher average sound pressure level (SPL) characterized the OSMO rings. Total porosity was related to SPLav 60, pore fragmentation index to fracturability and specific surface area to the work required to snap the ring. A differentiation of the drying treatments, as well as of the products according to the TRS maturity class at harvest was obtained analyzing by principal component analysis (PCA) microstructure parameters and texture and acoustic parameters. The differences in mechanical and acoustic characteristics between OSMO and noOSMO rings were due to the different subsurface structure as found with OCT analysis

Prospective of Innovative Technologies for Quality Supervision and Classification of Roasted Coffee Beans

Color sorting is the major procedure employed for establish roast degree of coffee beans. However, color-based procedures have been proven to be ineffective, since coffee beans roasted to different degrees can present the same average readings in light reflectance measurements with significant quality variations. Besides to color, other major changes in beans are volume (swell), mass, form, bean pop and density. Eight samples of arabica coffee from Colombia and Guatemala have been roasted under slightly different conditions of time and temperature in order to obtain the same color classification. Sample analysis of data from nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry show differences between samples in T1 and T2 parameters at cellular and subcellular level, and image analysis carried out on X-ray μCT leading to microestruture images corroborate differences in porosity and fissures presence among them, proving the potentiality of these technological solutions for sensing the microstructure of coffee to provide tools to enhance the roasting process

The Functional Implications of Common Genetic Variation in CYP3A5 and ABCB1 in Human Proximal Tubule Cells

Item does not contain fulltextBACKGROUND: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are the primary immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ transplantation but are associated with the development of histological lesions leading to kidney failure. CNIs are metabolized by CYP3A and excreted by not only P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (ABCB1) in the gut and liver, but also by proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in the kidney. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of genetic variation in CYP3A5 and ABCB1 for CNI disposition and nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to study the functional implication of variation in these two genes in human PTCs. METHODS: A technique was developed to culture cells from renal tissue obtained from renal graft recipients by routine kidney biopsy. Primary cells were immortalized, subcloned, and then characterized for specific PTC markers (AQP1, CD13, brush border morphology) and donor CYP3A5(rs776746)/ABCB1(rs1045642) genotype. We then selected specific sets of confirmed conditionally immortalized PTCs (ciPTC) according to different combinations of the aforementioned genetic variants. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed for studying CYP3A5 and ABCB1 expression. CYP3A5 activity was assessed by differential midazolam (MDZ) hydroxylation and P-gp (ABCB1 product) activity by a calcein efflux assay. Differential drug metabolism between cell lines was assessed by tacrolimus disappearance over 24 h. RESULTS: Cell lines were generated from 27 out of 38 tissue samples. On the basis of genotype and PTC biomarkers, 11 subclones were selected. In vitro PTC morphology with brush border microvilli was confirmed. CYP3A5*1 carriers had increased 1-OH/4-OH MDZ formation versus homozygous *3 carriers (mean: 2.36 (95% CI:1.11-3.40) vs 0.88 (95% CI:0.48-1.27); p < 0.05). P-gp activity was confirmed by calcein accumulation (mean 38.6%; 95% CI:32.8-44.4%), which was higher in cell lines with the ABCB1 3435TT than the 3435CC/CT genotype (46.2% vs 35.5%; 95% CI:28.7-42.2%). Tacrolimus disappearance was about two-fold higher in cell lines with the combined CYP3A5*1/ABCB1 3435TT genotype versus other genotype combinations. CONCLUSION: Biopsy-derived and immortalized human PTC cell lines demonstrate functional expression of genes involved in CNI metabolism. Differences in functional expression were detected according to common genetic variants in CYP3A5 and ABCB1. The studied genetic variants had a significant impact on in vitro tacrolimus metabolism. In particular, ciPTC with the combined CYP3A5*1/ABCB1 3435TT genotype demonstrated higher tacrolimus disappearance versus ciPTCs with a different pharmacogenetic profile. This in vitro model stresses the importance of the incorporation of pharmacogenetic variation in studies involved in (renal) drug disposition

MIP-based sensor platforms for the detection of histamine in the nano- and micromolar range in aqueous media

The need for more advanced, accurate and lower cost sensor platforms is constantly growing. However, for certain applications the already existing sensing systems based on biological recognition elements have sometimes restrictions, which limit their use. As a result, sensors with synthetic recognition elements, such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), can be interesting alternatives. Molecular imprinting leads to the formation of inert polymer particles with nanocavities, which can exhibit similar selectivity and specificity to target molecules as antibodies or enzymes. It is demonstrated that MIPs can be readily incorporated into two different sensor platforms for the detection of histamine in aqueous media. The first platform is based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and allows for the accurate detection of histamine in the nanomolar range. The second sensing technique is based on microgravimetry and allows for the detection of histamine in the micromolar range. Using the analogous molecule histidine, it is demonstrated that both sensor platforms are specific for the detection of histamine. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.status: publishe

Calendering as a direct shaping tool for the continuous production of fixed-dose combination products via co-extrusion

In this study calendering is used as a downstream technique to shape monolithic co-extruded fixed-dose combination products in a continuous way. Co-extrudates with a metoprolol tartrate-loaded sustained-release core and a hydrochlorothiazide-loaded immediate-release coat were produced and immediately shaped into a monolithic drug delivery system via calendering, using chilled rolls with tablet-shaped cavities. In vitro metoprolol tartrate release from the ethylcellulose core of the calendered tablets was prolonged in comparison with the sustained release of a multiparticulate dosage form, prepared manually by cutting co-extrudates into mini-matrices. Analysis of the dosage forms using X-ray micro-computed tomography only detected small differences between the pore structure of the core of the calendered tablet and the mini-matrices. Diffusion path length was shown to be the main mechanism behind the release kinetics. Terahertz pulsed imaging visualized that adhesion between the core and coat of the calendered tablet was not complete and a gradient in coat thickness (varying from 200 to 600 μm) was observed. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction indicated that the solid-state properties of both drugs were not affected by the calendering procedure

A MIP-based biomimetic sensor for the impedimetric detection of histamine in different pH environments

The development of novel biosensors is arapidly growingfield. Substituting the biological receptor layer from the biosensor with a synthetic receptor opens the door for the development of biomimetic sensors that are chemically and physically inert, as opposed to the sensors containing biological recognition elements. Using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) the specificity and affinity of biological receptors can be mimicked. In addition, a MIP-based sensor can measure in harsh environments. Histamine occurs in harsh environments in food and bodily fluids and is chosen as the target molecule for impedimetric detection. When 10nM histamine is present in pH neutral environments, the impedance increases 45% with respect to the impedance of the sensor without histamine. Specificity is tested with respect to histidine. The influence of the pH on the performance of the sensor is tested. In a pH range of pH 5-12 the MIPs are stable, although they exhibit a varying degree of protonation. The same holds true for the target molecule of which the protonation also varies with the pH of the solution. It is shown that the pH dependent degree of protonation of both the MIP and the histamine has a large impact on the bindingof histamine to the nanocavity in the MIP. Hence, the detection of histamine by a MIP-based sensor is affected by the pH of the solution. © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.status: publishe