Anatomical-functional correlates of the vulnerability to autism spectrum disorders

Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont des troubles neurodéveloppementaux fortement héritables. En parallèle, la théorie de l'hypoconnectivité fronto – postérieure semble être au coeur de la physiopathologie des TSA. Afin de comprendre la contribution des facteurs de risque familiaux de ce trouble, nous avons conduit conjointement une étude de connectivité anatomique et fonctionnelle chez des parents non atteints de sujets atteints de TSA. Nous avons réalisé une étude de tractographie en cerveau entier afin de comparer les valeurs de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long des principaux faisceaux de substance blanche chez 85 sujets adultes : 39 parents non atteints, 18 sujets atteints de TSA comparés à 28 sujets contrôles. Après avoir corrigé pour les tests multiples, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution significative de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long du faisceau fronto- occipital inférieur bilatéral chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA en comparaison aux sujets contrôles. Afin de comprendre l'implication fonctionnelle de la dysconnectivité anatomique fronto – occipitale retrouvée en tractographie, nous avons calculé la connectivité fonctionnelle entre les régions fronto – occipitales selon les extrémités du faisceau frontal - occipital inférieur bilatéral. En comparaison à 28 sujets contrôles, nous avons ainsi observé une augmentation significative de la connectivité fonctionnelle fronto - occipitale chez 38 parents non atteints et chez 13 sujets atteints de TSA. Une étude de connectivité fonctionnelle en cerveau entier serait une perspective prometteuse quant à l'interprétation de l'augmentation de la connectivité fronto – occipitale observée. Les anomalies fronto – occipitales montrées chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA pourraient correspondre à la mise en évidence d'un endophénotype dans les TSA.Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders highly heritable.In parallel, the underconnectivity theory of ASD assumes that fronto-posterior brain disconnectivity is at the core of its pathophysiology. Our goal was to assess long-range structural and functional connectivity in unaffected parents of subjects with ASD to better understand the contributions of familial factors to heightened risk of ASD. We performed a diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) based whole brain tractography to compare generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) in the main deep long white matter tracts in 85 adults: 39 unaffected parents, 18 probands compared to 28 controls. After corrections for multiple comparisons, we identified a significant decrease in gFA in the bilateral inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in both probands with ASD and unaffected parents when compared to controls. To understand the functional implication of fronto – occipital anatomical disconnectivity, we assessed the functional connectivity between the regions linked by IFOF exhibiting significant alterations in gFA. We also showed that both probands and unaffected parents exhibited a significantly increased functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital regions linked by the IFOF. In order to better understand and extend this interesting results, to evaluate the global functional connectivity of our sample in order to be able to interpret the increase of fronto-occipital functional connectivity would be an important perspective. These findings highlight an altered fronto-occipital connectivity in subjects with ASD and unaffected parents suggesting that fronto-occipital disconnectivity may be an endophenotype of ASD

Corrélats anatomo - fonctionnels de la vulnérabilité aux troubles du spectre autistique

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders highly heritable.In parallel, the underconnectivity theory of ASD assumes that fronto-posterior brain disconnectivity is at the core of its pathophysiology. Our goal was to assess long-range structural and functional connectivity in unaffected parents of subjects with ASD to better understand the contributions of familial factors to heightened risk of ASD. We performed a diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) based whole brain tractography to compare generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) in the main deep long white matter tracts in 85 adults: 39 unaffected parents, 18 probands compared to 28 controls. After corrections for multiple comparisons, we identified a significant decrease in gFA in the bilateral inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in both probands with ASD and unaffected parents when compared to controls. To understand the functional implication of fronto – occipital anatomical disconnectivity, we assessed the functional connectivity between the regions linked by IFOF exhibiting significant alterations in gFA. We also showed that both probands and unaffected parents exhibited a significantly increased functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital regions linked by the IFOF. In order to better understand and extend this interesting results, to evaluate the global functional connectivity of our sample in order to be able to interpret the increase of fronto-occipital functional connectivity would be an important perspective. These findings highlight an altered fronto-occipital connectivity in subjects with ASD and unaffected parents suggesting that fronto-occipital disconnectivity may be an endophenotype of ASD.Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont des troubles neurodéveloppementaux fortement héritables. En parallèle, la théorie de l'hypoconnectivité fronto – postérieure semble être au coeur de la physiopathologie des TSA. Afin de comprendre la contribution des facteurs de risque familiaux de ce trouble, nous avons conduit conjointement une étude de connectivité anatomique et fonctionnelle chez des parents non atteints de sujets atteints de TSA. Nous avons réalisé une étude de tractographie en cerveau entier afin de comparer les valeurs de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long des principaux faisceaux de substance blanche chez 85 sujets adultes : 39 parents non atteints, 18 sujets atteints de TSA comparés à 28 sujets contrôles. Après avoir corrigé pour les tests multiples, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution significative de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long du faisceau fronto- occipital inférieur bilatéral chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA en comparaison aux sujets contrôles. Afin de comprendre l'implication fonctionnelle de la dysconnectivité anatomique fronto – occipitale retrouvée en tractographie, nous avons calculé la connectivité fonctionnelle entre les régions fronto – occipitales selon les extrémités du faisceau frontal - occipital inférieur bilatéral. En comparaison à 28 sujets contrôles, nous avons ainsi observé une augmentation significative de la connectivité fonctionnelle fronto - occipitale chez 38 parents non atteints et chez 13 sujets atteints de TSA. Une étude de connectivité fonctionnelle en cerveau entier serait une perspective prometteuse quant à l'interprétation de l'augmentation de la connectivité fronto – occipitale observée. Les anomalies fronto – occipitales montrées chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA pourraient correspondre à la mise en évidence d'un endophénotype dans les TSA

Central Nervous System Complications in Cystinosis: The Role of Neuroimaging

Despite improvement in the specific treatment, clinical and anatomo-functional central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities of various severities are still observed in cystinosis patients. Patients who develop CNS complications today have a worse compliance to cysteamine treatment. Radiological studies have shown that cortical or central (ventriculomegaly) atrophy is observed in more than two thirds of cystinosis patients’ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and correlates with the intelligence quotient score. Half of cystinosis patients have marked aspecific white matter hyperintensities. The development of advanced neuroimaging techniques provides new tools to further investigate CNS complications. A recent neuroimaging study using a voxel-based morphometry approach showed that cystinosis patients present a decreased grey matter volume in the left middle frontal gyrus. Diffusion tensor imaging studies have shown white matter microstructure abnormalities in children and adults with cystinosis, respectively in areas of the dorsal visual pathway and within the corpus callosum’s body. Finally, leucocyte cystine levels are associated with decreased resting cerebral blood flow, measured by arterial spin labelling, in the frontal cortex, which could be associated with the neurocognitive deficits described in these patients. These results reinforce the relevance of neuroimaging studies to further understand the mechanisms that underline CNS impairments

Abnormal Spontaneous Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Fluctuations in Children with Focal Cortical Dysplasias:Initial findings in surgically confirmed cases

Background  Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) are a frequent cause of drug-resistant epilepsy in children but are often undetected on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We aimed to measure and validate the variation of resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) metrics in surgically proven FCDs in children, to assess the potential yield for detecting and understanding these lesions. Methods  We prospectively included pediatric patients with surgically proven FCD with inconclusive structural MRI and healthy controls, who underwent a ten-minute rs-fMRI acquired at 3T. Rs-fMRI data was pre-processed and maps of values of regional homogeneity (ReHo), degree centrality (DC), amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) were calculated. The variations of BOLD metrics within the to-be-resected areas were analyzed visually, and quantitatively using lateralization indices. BOLD metrics variations were also analyzed in fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) hypometabolic areas. Results  We included 7 patients (range: 3-15 years) and 6 aged-matched controls (range: 6-17 years). ReHo lateralization indices were positive in the to-be-resected areas in 4/7 patients, and in 6/7 patients in the additional PET hypometabolic areas. These indices were significantly higher compared to controls in 3/7 and 4/7 patients, respectively. Visual analysis revealed a good spatial correlation between high ReHo areas and MRI structural abnormalities (when present) or PET hypometabolic areas. No consistent variation was seen using DC, ALFF, or fALFF. Conclusion  Resting-state fMRI metrics, noticeably increase in ReHo, may have potential to help detect MRI-negative FCDs in combination with other morphological and functional techniques, used in clinical practice and epilepsy-surgery screening.</p

Preserved Navigation abilities and Spatio-Temporal Memory in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

International audienceCerebellar abnormalities have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond its role in hallmark features of ASD, the cerebellum and its connectivity with forebrain structures also play a role in navigation. However, the current understanding of navigation abilities in ASD is equivocal, as is the impact of the disorder on the functional anatomy of the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the navigation behavior of a population of ASD and typically developing (TD) adults related to their brain anatomy as assessed by structural and functional MRI at rest. We used the Starmaze task, which permits assessing and distinguishing two complex navigation behaviors, one based on allocentric and the other on egocentric learning of a route with multiple decision points. Compared to TD controls, individuals with ASD showed similar exploration, learning, and strategy performance and preference. In addition, there was no difference in the structural or functional anatomy of the cerebellar circuits involved in navigation between the two groups. The findings of our work suggest that navigation abilities, spatio-temporal memory, and their underlying circuits are preserved in individuals with ASD

Preserved Navigation abilities and Spatio-Temporal Memory in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

International audienceCerebellar abnormalities have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond its role in hallmark features of ASD, the cerebellum and its connectivity with forebrain structures also play a role in navigation. However, the current understanding of navigation abilities in ASD is equivocal, as is the impact of the disorder on the functional anatomy of the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the navigation behavior of a population of ASD and typically developing (TD) adults related to their brain anatomy as assessed by structural and functional MRI at rest. We used the Starmaze task, which permits assessing and distinguishing two complex navigation behaviors, one based on allocentric and the other on egocentric learning of a route with multiple decision points. Compared to TD controls, individuals with ASD showed similar exploration, learning, and strategy performance and preference. In addition, there was no difference in the structural or functional anatomy of the cerebellar circuits involved in navigation between the two groups. The findings of our work suggest that navigation abilities, spatio-temporal memory, and their underlying circuits are preserved in individuals with ASD

Arterial spin labeling brain MRI study to evaluate the impact of deafness on cerebral perfusion in 79 children before cochlear implantation

International audienceAge at implantation is considered to be a major factor, influencing outcomes after pediatric cochlear implantation. In the absence of acoustic input, it has been proposed that cross-modal reorganization can be detrimental for adaptation to the new electrical input provided by a cochlear implant. Here, through a retrospective study, we aimed to investigate differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) at rest prior to implantation in children with congenital deafness compared to normally hearing children. In addition, we looked at the putative link between pre-operative rest-CBF and the oral intelligibility scores at 12 months post-implantation. Finally, we observed the evolution of perfusion with age, within brain areas showing abnormal rest-CBF associated to deafness, in deaf children and in normally hearing children. In children older than 5 years old, results showed a significant bilateral hypoperfusion in temporal regions in deaf children, particularly in Heschl's gyrus, and a significant hyperperfusion of occipital regions. Furthermore, in children older than 5 years old, whole brain voxel-by-voxel correlation analysis between pre-operative rest-CBF and oral intelligibility scores at 12 months post-implantation, showed significant negative correlation localized in the occipital regions: children who performed worse in the speech perception test one year after implantation were those presenting higher preoperative CBF values in these occipital regions. Finally, when comparing mean relative perfusion (extracted from the temporal regions found abnormal on whole-brain voxel-based analysis) across ages in patients and controls, we observed that the temporal perfusion evolution was significantly different in deaf children than in normally hearing children. Indeed, while temporal perfusion increased with age in normally hearing children, it remained stable in deaf children. We showed a critical period around 4 years old, where in the context of auditory deprivation, there is a lack of synaptic activity in auditory regions. These results support the benefits of early cochlear implantation to maximize the effectiveness of auditory rehabilitation and to avoid cross-modal reorganization

A Multilevel Functional Study of a SNAP25 At-Risk Variant for Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

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Anatomical and functional abnormalities on MRI in kabuki syndrome

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital disorder (1/32000 births) characterized by distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, short stature, and dermatoglyphic and skeletal abnormalities. In the last decade, mutations in KMT2D and KDM6A were identified as a major cause of kabuki syndrome. Although genetic abnormalities have been highlighted in KS, brain abnormalities have been little explored. Here, we have investigated brain abnormalities in 6 patients with KS (4 males; Mage = 10.96 years, SD = 2.97 years) with KMT2D mutation in comparison with 26 healthy controls (17 males; Mage = 10.31 years, SD = 2.96 years). We have used MRI to explore anatomical and functional brain abnormalities in patients with KS. Anatomical abnormalities in grey matter volume were assessed by cortical and subcortical analyses. Functional abnormalities were assessed by comparing rest cerebral blood flow measured with arterial spin labeling-MRI. When compared to healthy controls, KS patients had anatomical alterations characterized by grey matter decrease localized in the bilateral precentral gyrus and middle frontal gyrus. In addition, KS patients also presented functional alterations characterized by cerebral blood flow decrease in the left precentral gyrus and middle frontal gyrus. Moreover, subcortical analyses revealed significantly decreased grey matter volume in the bilateral hippocampus and dentate gyrus in patients with KS. Our results strongly indicate anatomical and functional brain abnormalities in KS. They suggest a possible neural basis of the cognitive symptoms observed in KS, such as fine motor impairment, and indicate the need to further explore the consequences of such brain abnormalities in this disorder. Finally, our results encourage further imaging-genetics studies investigating the link between genetics, anatomical and functional brain alterations in KS. Keywords: Kabuki syndrome, Congenital disorder, Voxel-based morphometry, Arterial spin labeling, Hippocampus, Brodmann area 6 and