Preface

The University of Richmond Law Review is extremely pleased to present this special issue dedicated to Professor Akhil Reed Amar\u27s The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. The purpose of the issue is to celebrate the groundbreaking nature of Professor Amar\u27s contemporary text by providing a collection of eleven scholarly commentaries in which some of the finest constitutional jurists in the United States react to the book. The commentators each offer a unique perspective on the dynamic text, utilizing legal, judicial, historical, philosophical, and even esoteric influences to analyze its contents. In an eloquent response to his academic peers, Continuing the Conversation, Professor Amar graciously addresses the individual commentaries by examining both praise and criticism alike, as proffered by each of the authors. The result is quite inviting to the reader; and the issue\u27s appeal is enhanced by the fact that the Law Review Editorial Board went to great lengths to preserve the particular writing styles of the individual authors

A novel approach to computing super observations for probabilistic wave model validation

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordIn the field of wave model validation, the use of super observations is a common strategy to smooth satellite observations and match the simulated spatiotemporal scales. An approach based on averaging along track is widely applied because it is straightforward to implement and adjustable. However, the choice of an appropriate length scale for obtaining the averages can be ambiguous, affecting subsequent analyses. Despite this dilemma, no uncertainty for the validation metric is provided when proceeding with wave model validation. We show that super observations computed from averaging data points applying an inappropriate length scale can lead to a misrepresentation of the wave field which can introduce errors into the wave model validation. Modelling the mean of observations as a Gaussian Process mitigates those errors and reliably identifies outliers by exploiting information hidden in the observational time series. Moreover, the uncertainty accompanying the validation statistic is readily accessible in the Gaussian Process framework. The flexibility of a Gaussian process makes it an attractive candidate for the probabilistic validation of wave models with steadily increasing horizontal resolution. Moreover, this approach can be applied to measurements from other platforms (e.g. buoys) and other variables (e.g. wind).Copernicus Marine Environmental and Monitoring Servic

Being a Self-Employed Older Woman: From Discrimination to Activism

This article presents an autobiographical account of an older woman’s lived experience of self-employment. Little is known about women who experience ongoing self-employment into their 50s and beyond. Shoshanna’s personal narrative describes her experiences and the challenges she has faced as she reflects upon her attempts to grow and sustain her business and the implications of ageism and gender inequality in laying a claim to entrepreneurship. The narrative proceeds to reflect on her activist work, as it is constructed through the creation of a social enterprise to support older people. Shoshanna’s narrative provides valuable insights into the intersection of age and gender in self-employment moving from discrimination to active support

Portacaval shunt causes apoptosis and liver atrophy in rats despite increases in endogenous levels of major hepatic growth factors

Background/Aims: The response to the liver damage caused by portacaval shunt (PCS) is characterized by low-grade hyperplasia and atrophy. To clarify mechanisms of this dissociation, we correlated the expression of 'hepatotrophic factors' and the antihepatotrophic and proapoptotic peptide, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, with the pathologic changes caused by PCS in rats. Methods: PCS was created by side-to-side anastomosis between the portal vein and inferior vena cava, with ligation of the hilar portal vein. Hepatic growth mediators were measured to 2 months. Results: The decrease in the liver/body weight ratio during the first 7 days which stabilized by day 15, corresponded to parenchymal cell apoptosis and increases in hepatic TGF-β concentration that peaked at 1.4 × baseline at 15 days before returning to control levels by day 30. Variable increases in the concentrations of growth promoters (hepatocyte growth factor, TGF-α and augmenter of liver regeneration) also occurred during the period of hepatocellular apoptosis. Conclusions: The development of hepatic atrophy was associated with changes in TGF-β concentration, and occurred despite increased expression of multiple putative growth promoters. The findings suggest that apoptosis set in motion by TGF-β constrains the amount of hepatocyte proliferation independently from control of liver volume. © 2002 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

On the notion of education policy: Mapping its landscape and scope.

Education policy is a complex policy field that falls on the borderlines between education, economic policy and social policy. According to Callewaert (2006, 767), policy is “a set of guidelines within a ‘governing text’’’. At the same time, policy is a product and a process that ‘is still being made, and re-made as it is being implemented’ (Bowe et al. 1992, 14). Policy is closely linked with the notion of power, which in turn can be defined as ‘a relation between people, and is expressed in simple symbolic notation’ (Dahl 1957, 201). In the diverse constructions of policy, Jones (2013, 3ff.; see also Ball 1994; Bell & Stevenson 2006, 17f.) identifies four types of key themes in the field of education policy: policy as text, policy as values-laden actions, policy as process and policy as discourse

Shifting problems and shifting policies to reduce student drop-out:the case of vocational education policy in Denmark

This chapter provides a comparative analysis of the evolution of senior secondary certificates of education in the Australian states of Victoria and Queensland. Based on an analysis of policy reforms from the mid 19th century to the present, I argue that the evolution of senior certificates can be understood in terms of three over-arching historical phases: elite, democratic and economic. Each phase reflects distinct normative understandings and practices regarding the role of senior certificates. Understanding the history of senior certificates in three phases provides a foundation from which to develop a broader analysis of historical trends in the development of senior secondary curricula and education in Australia and internationally

Radiative and dynamical contributions to past and future Arctic stratospheric temperature trends

Arctic stratospheric ozone depletion is closely linked to the occurrence of low stratospheric temperatures. There are indications that cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere have been getting colder, raising the question if and to what extent a cooling of the Arctic stratosphere may continue into the future. We use meteorological reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) for the past 32 yr together with calculations of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) and models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) project to infer radiative and dynamical contributions to long-term Arctic stratospheric temperature changes. For the past three decades the reanalyses show a warming trend in winter and cooling trend in spring and summer, which agree well with trends from the Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) adjusted radiosonde data set. Changes in winter and spring are caused by a corresponding change of planetary wave activity with increases in winter and decreases in spring. During winter the increase of planetary wave activity is counteracted by a residual radiatively induced cooling. Stratospheric radiatively induced cooling is detected throughout all seasons, being highly significant in spring and summer. This means that for a given dynamical situation, according to ERA-Interim the annual mean temperature of the Arctic lower stratosphere has been cooling by −0.41 ± 0.11 K decade−1 at 50 hPa over the past 32 yr. Calculations with state-of-the-art models from CCMVal and the EMAC model qualitatively reproduce the radiatively induced cooling for the past decades, but underestimate the amount of radiatively induced cooling deduced from reanalyses. There are indications that this discrepancy could be partly related to a possible underestimation of past Arctic ozone trends in the models. The models project a continued cooling of the Arctic stratosphere over the coming decades (2001–2049) that is for the annual mean about 40% less than the modeled cooling for the past, due to the reduction of ozone depleting substances and the resulting ozone recovery. This projected cooling in turn could offset between 15 and 40% of the Arctic ozone recovery