Rôle et place du riz pluvial dans les exploitations du Vakinankaratra (Hauts Plateaux et Moyen Ouest)

International audienceDans la région des Hautes Terres, zone montagneuse dont les plaines et les bas fond irrigués sont dominés par de forts reliefs, l'accroissement de la pression démographique s'est traduit par la saturation des terres irriguées, destinées à la riziculture, et par une emprise agricole de plus en plus forte sur les terres de versant. La conduite des cultures de versant (Tanety), ou cultures pluviales, selon les techniques traditionnelles de travail du sol, combiné à l'abondance des pluies, accentue les phénomènes d'érosion et conduit donc à une forte perte de fertilité. De plus, la dégradation des sols en amont se traduit très souvent par l'ensablement et des dégâts sur les infrastructures et parcelles irriguées situées en aval. Ainsi, ces systèmes ne permettent pas, du fait de la fragilité de l'écosystème, de concilier les objectifs de production et de durabilité. Pour faire évoluer ces systèmes vers plus de durabilité, il convient d'améliorer les connaissances sur les pratiques des exploitants. Cette communication présente les résultats de deux diagnostics agraires réalisé en 2007 dans la commune d'Andranomanelatra, à la périphérie d'Antsirabe, sur les hauts plateaux de Madagascar et en 2008/2009 dans le reste du Vakinankaratra, hauts plateaux et moyen-ouest, ainsi que des résultats obtenus et sortis de la base de données parcelle (BDD) du projet BVPI SE/HP. Des typologies d'exploitations sont présentées pour mieux identifier les contraintes et opportunités de chaque type et la place du riz pluvial dans la formation du revenu ou la satisfaction des besoins alimentaires. On examinera l'opportunité que représente le riz pluvial pour les agriculteurs de la région sans oublier les autres opportunités ou alternatives présentes dans la zone qui semblent plus adaptées à des contextes très différenciés des hauts plateaux. La discussion portera sur les enjeux agricoles à venir et la place que peut y jouer le riz pluvial

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Le réseau de fermes de références du projet BVPI dans le Vakinankaratra et l'Amoron'i Mania, Madagascar.

Document de travail BV lac n° 29

Modeling the impact of oyster culture on a mudflat food web in Marennes-Oléron Bay (France)

International audienceWe used a carbon-based food web model to investigate the effects of oyster cultivation on the ecosystem of an intertidal mudflat. A previously published food web model of a mudflat in Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, was updated with revised parameters, and a realistic surface area and density of existing oyster cultures on the mudflat. We developed 2 hypothetical scenarios to estimate the impact of oyster cultivation on the food web structure of the ecosystem: one with no oysters, the other with a doubled area devoted to cultivated oysters in the bay. Oysters are direct trophic competitors of other filter feeders, and their presence modifies benthic-pelagic coupling by forcing a shift from pelagic consumers to benthic consumers. Increasing the surface area of cultivated oysters caused secondary production to increase, providing food for top predators (in particular juvenile nekton), reinforcing the nursery role of the mudflat in the ecosystem, and altering the species composition available to the top predators

Caractérisation et typologie des exploitations agricoles dans le Vakinankaratra et l'Amoron'i Mania, Madagascar.

Document de travail BV lac n° 25

Modeling the impact of oyster culture on a mudflat food web in Marennes-Oléron Bay (France)

International audienceWe used a carbon-based food web model to investigate the effects of oyster cultivation on the ecosystem of an intertidal mudflat. A previously published food web model of a mudflat in Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, was updated with revised parameters, and a realistic surface area and density of existing oyster cultures on the mudflat. We developed 2 hypothetical scenarios to estimate the impact of oyster cultivation on the food web structure of the ecosystem: one with no oysters, the other with a doubled area devoted to cultivated oysters in the bay. Oysters are direct trophic competitors of other filter feeders, and their presence modifies benthic-pelagic coupling by forcing a shift from pelagic consumers to benthic consumers. Increasing the surface area of cultivated oysters caused secondary production to increase, providing food for top predators (in particular juvenile nekton), reinforcing the nursery role of the mudflat in the ecosystem, and altering the species composition available to the top predators

Analysis of coastal and offshore aquaculture: application of the FARM model to multiple systems and shellfish species

The Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model has been applied to several shellfish species and aquaculture types. The performance of the FARM model, developed to simulate potential harvest, key financial data, and water quality impacts at the farm-scale, was tested in five systems in the European Union: Loch Creran, Scotland (Pacific oyster), Pertuis Breton, France (blue mussel), Bay of Piran, Slovenia (Mediterranean mussel), Chioggia, Italy (Mediterranean mussel) and Ria Formosa, Portugal (Manila clam). These systems range from open coasts to estuaries, and are used for shellfish aquaculture by means of different cultivation techniques (e.g. oyster bottom culture in Loch Creran and mussel longlines and poles in Pertuis Breton). The drivers for the FARM model were supplied by measured data, outputs of system-scale models or a combination of both. The results (given in total fresh weight) generally show good agreement with reported annual production (shown in brackets) at each farm: simulated production of 134 tons of Pacific oyster in Loch Creran (150 tons, −10%), 2691 tons of blue mussel in Pertuis Breton (2304 tons, +17%), 314 tons of Mediterranean mussel in the Bay of Piran (200 tons, +57%), 545 tons of Mediterranean mussel in Chioggia (660 tons, −17%) and 119 tons of Manila clam in Ria Formosa (104 tons, +15%). The nitrogen mass balance for each farm was also determined with the FARM model. The net removal of nitrogen (N) by the farms was estimated to correspond to 1206 population equivalents per year (PEQ y−1) in Loch Creran, 93503 PEQ y−1 in Pertuis Breton, 9196 PEQ y−1 in the Bay of Piran, 97916 PEQ y−1 in Chioggia and 8613 PEQ y−1 in Ria Formosa. The aggregate income due to both the shellfish sale and substitution value of landbased fertilizer reduction or nutrient treatmentwas estimated to be about 700 k€ y−1 in Loch Creran, 30,706 k€ y−1 in Pertuis Breton, 3000 k€ y−1 in the Bay of Piran, 30,000 k€ y−1 in Chioggia, and 5000 k€ y−1in Ria Formosa. Outputs of FARM may be used to analyse the farm production potential and profit maximization according to seeding densities and/or spatial distribution. Results of a marginal analysis for all the study sites were determined. As an example, profit maximization in Loch Creranwas obtained with 97 tons of seed, resulting in a total production of 440 tons (profit of 2100 k€ for a culture period of about 2 years). FARM additionally integrates the well-known ASSETS model, for assessment of farm-related eutrophication impacts. The assessment results for the five study sites show that water quality is either maintained or improved in all farms under standard conditions of culture practice. FARM results may be used by farmers to analyse farm production potential and by managers for environmental assessment of farm-relatedwater quality impacts,whether positive or negative. It is a useful tool for all stakeholders for the valuation of nitrogen credits, which may be traded as part of an integrated catchment management plan. The FARM results were scaled up to determine a net value of 11–17 billion € y−1 of ecosystem goods and services, provided by shellfish culture towards reducing eutrophication in the coastal waters of the European Union. These numbers highlight the role that extractive organic aquaculture plays in integrated coastal zone and nutrient emissions management