Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Considerations on Genre and Gender Conventions in Translating from Old English

The Old English poem The Wife's Lament is an extremely conventional and, at the same time, original text. It portrays a female character suffering for the absence of her loved one, through the framework of the so-called 'elegiac' style and a mainly heroic vocabulary. The traditional exile theme is, thus, interwoven with the uncommon motif of love sickness. While this appraisal of the poem is the most widely accepted one, disagreement still remains about the translation of some keywords, strictly related to the exile theme, such as sīþ or wræcsīþ. The aim of this paper is to examine diverging readings and glosses of the above mentioned 'exilic/elegiac' keywords, and to show that an accurate translation should not neglect a thorough appraisal of the text in its complexity and the association with related literary patterns and imagery in other poetic and prose texts

WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.Peer reviewe

The EMMA Non-scaling FFAG

The Elec­tron Model for Many Ap­pli­ca­tions (EMMA) will be the World's first non-scal­ing FFAG and is under con­struc­tion at the STFC Dares­bury Lab­o­ra­to­ry in the UK. Con­struc­tion is due for com­ple­tion in March 2010 and will be fol­lowed by com­mis­sion­ing with beam and a de­tailed ex­per­i­men­tal pro­gramme to study the func­tion­ing of this type of ac­cel­er­a­tor. This paper will give an overview of the mo­ti­va­tion for the pro­ject and de­scribe the EMMA de­sign and hard­ware. The first re­sults from com­mis­sion­ing will be pre­sent­ed in a sep­a­rate paper

Annual program review, chemical pulping and bleaching, March 23-24, 1999.

"March 23-24, 1999."v. 1. Chemical fundamentals of bleaching: project F015 / Arthur J. Ragauskas, Lucian A. Lucia / Influence of Hexenuronic acids (HexA) on bleaching: project F015.1 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Oxalic acid process chemistry: project F015.2 / Art J. Ragauskas ; High efficiency peroxide bleaching: project F015.3 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Laccase-mediator bleaching of kraft pulp: project F014.4 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Oxygen delignification: project F015.5 / Lucian A. Lucia ; Environmentally compatible production of bleached pulp / T.J. McDonough ... [et al.] ; Environmentally compatible production of bleached chemical pulp: project F013 ; Partial substitution of ozone for chlorine dioxide in the first stage of softwood kraft pulp bleaching sequences / T.J. McDonough , M. Turner , and C.E. Courchene ; Partial substitution of ozone for chlorine dioxide in the first stage of hardwood kraft pulp bleaching sequences / T.J. McDonough , A. Shaker , and C.E. Courchene ; Effects of digester conditions on the bleachability of southern pine kraft pulp / T.J. McDonough , A.J. Bacon , and M. Turner ; Hydrogen peroxide delignification of softwood kraft brownstock / T.J. McDonough , C.E. Courchene , and M. Alger ; Effects of pulping and bleaching processes on pulp and fiber properties / C. Courchene ... [et al.] -- v. 2. High strength, high yield bleached pulps: project F030 / J. Li ... [et al.] ; How much should the yield of softwood chemical pulp (kraft pulp) be improved? Limitations from physical strength / Jian Li ; Nonuniformity of carbohydrate degradation during kraft pulping-measurement and modeling using a modified g-factor / Jian Li , Geoff Moeser , Laura Rosen ; Closed mill-metals equilibria: project F017 / Alan Rudie ; Fundamentals of brightness reverstion: project F014 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Lignin reactivity during pulping and bleaching: project 4226 / Donald Dimmel , John MacKay ; Trees containing built-in pulping cataylst: project 4181 / Donald Dimmel ... [et al.] ; Improved selectivity in ozone bleaching: project 4168 / Donald Dimmel , Perla Sklar , Elizabeth Althen ; Metals management in low effluent pulp and paper mills: project 4192 / Alan Rudie -- Slide Material