220 research outputs found
Extraversion and adaptive performance: Integrating trait activation and socioanalytic personality theories at work
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this recordBoth trait activation and socioanalytic personality theories clarify the personality – performance relationship at work. We argue that extraversion needs to be interactively combined with both social competency (socioanalytic theory) and an activating context (trait activation theory) to demonstrate effects on a relevant type of work performance. Specifically, the aim of the present study was to examine extraversion's association with adaptive performance when combined with social competency and context (i.e., climate for personal initiative). Our results demonstrate that the three-way interaction (i.e., extraversion × social competency × climate for initiative) has a significant relationship with adaptive performance, such that the extraversion–performance association is strengthened when both social competency and climate for initiative are heightened. Our findings suggest that personality scholars should consider both socioanalytic and trait activation perspectives when investigating performance prediction. We discuss implications, strengths, limitations, and directions for future research
Political skill and manager performance: exponential and asymptotic relationships due to differing levels of enterprising job demands
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this recordPolitical skill, a social competence that enables individuals to achieve goals due to their understanding of and influence upon others at work, can play an important role in manager performance. We argue that the political skill–manager performance relationship varies as a nonlinear function of differing levels of enterprising job demands (i.e., working with and through people). A large number of occupations have some enterprising features, but, across occupations, management roles typically contain even greater enterprising expectations. However, relatively few studies have examined the enterprising work context (e.g., enterprising demands) of managers. Specifically, under conditions of high enterprising job demands, we argue and find that, as political skill increases, there is an associated exponential increase in enterprising performance, with growth beyond the mean of political skill resulting in outsized performance gains. Whereas, under conditions of low (relative to other managers) enterprising job demands, political skill will have an asymptotic relationship with enterprising job performance, such that the positive relationship becomes weaker as political skill grows, with increases on political skill beyond the mean resulting in minimal performance improvements. Our hypotheses are generally supported, and these findings have important implications for managers, as the performance gains in managerial roles were shown to be a joint function of manager political skill and enterprising job demands
Leader Behaviors as Mediators of the Leader Characteristics - Follower Satisfaction Relationship
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record.This study examined two potential mediators through which leaders transmit their position power into an effectiveness outcome. Drawing upon recent work integrating trait, situational, and behavioral theories of leadership effectiveness, we hypothesized and tested a model specifying that the interactive effects of leader position power and leader political skill on follower satisfaction would be mediated by followers’ perceptions of leaders’ initiating structure and consideration behaviors. Specifically, this model indicates that leaders who are both in powerful positions and politically skilled are perceived to initiate more structure and demonstrate more consideration for their followers than their nonpolitically skilled counterparts, which, in turn, positively impacts followers’ satisfaction (i.e., an indication of subjective leadership effectiveness). Utilizing 190 leaders and 476 followers, we found support for the hypothesized model. Contributions to various literatures, strengths, limitations, and practical implications are discussed
Nonequilibrium Linear Response for Markov Dynamics, II: Inertial Dynamics
We continue our study of the linear response of a nonequilibrium system. This
Part II concentrates on models of open and driven inertial dynamics but the
structure and the interpretation of the result remain unchanged: the response
can be expressed as a sum of two temporal correlations in the unperturbed
system, one entropic, the other frenetic. The decomposition arises from the
(anti)symmetry under time-reversal on the level of the nonequilibrium action.
The response formula involves a statistical averaging over explicitly known
observables but, in contrast with the equilibrium situation, they depend on the
model dynamics in terms of an excess in dynamical activity. As an example, the
Einstein relation between mobility and diffusion constant is modified by a
correlation term between the position and the momentum of the particle
What You See Is Not What You Get: Social Skill and Impulse Control Camouflage Machiavellianism
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Academy of Management via the DOI in this record.Recent studies found that social skill can transform negative workplace outcomes from dark triad traits (e.g., narcissism, psychopathy) into positive outcomes. Going one step further, we hypothesized that social skill would effectively mask Machiavellianism with dire consequences for organizations and coworkers if additionally combined with high impulse control in target Machiavellians. We tested our hypotheses in a triangular multisource design in two complementary workplace samples comprised of both target workers and coworkers with a total of N = 1,438 participants. In Sample 1, we found that high political skill and impulse control effectively masked and reinforced Machiavellians’ image building at work. The results of Sample 2 showed that when tenure was high, individuals high in Machiavellianism, political skill, and impulse control reported exponentially increased levels of counterproductive work behavior. Thus, what coworkers see is not what organizations and coworkers get in the long run. Implications and limitations are discussed
Entropy production for mechanically or chemically driven biomolecules
Entropy production along a single stochastic trajectory of a biomolecule is
discussed for two different sources of non-equilibrium. For a molecule
manipulated mechanically by an AFM or an optical tweezer, entropy production
(or annihilation) occurs in the molecular conformation proper or in the
surrounding medium. Within a Langevin dynamics, a unique identification of
these two contributions is possible. The total entropy change obeys an integral
fluctuation theorem and a class of further exact relations, which we prove for
arbitrarily coupled slow degrees of freedom including hydrodynamic
interactions. These theoretical results can therefore also be applied to driven
colloidal systems. For transitions between different internal conformations of
a biomolecule involving unbalanced chemical reactions, we provide a
thermodynamically consistent formulation and identify again the two sources of
entropy production, which obey similar exact relations. We clarify the
particular role degenerate states have in such a description
Brownian Carnot engine
The Carnot cycle imposes a fundamental upper limit to the efficiency of a
macroscopic motor operating between two thermal baths. However, this bound
needs to be reinterpreted at microscopic scales, where molecular bio-motors and
some artificial micro-engines operate. As described by stochastic
thermodynamics, energy transfers in microscopic systems are random and thermal
fluctuations induce transient decreases of entropy, allowing for possible
violations of the Carnot limit. Despite its potential relevance for the
development of a thermodynamics of small systems, an experimental study of
microscopic Carnot engines is still lacking. Here we report on an experimental
realization of a Carnot engine with a single optically trapped Brownian
particle as working substance. We present an exhaustive study of the energetics
of the engine and analyze the fluctuations of the finite-time efficiency,
showing that the Carnot bound can be surpassed for a small number of
non-equilibrium cycles. As its macroscopic counterpart, the energetics of our
Carnot device exhibits basic properties that one would expect to observe in any
microscopic energy transducer operating with baths at different temperatures.
Our results characterize the sources of irreversibility in the engine and the
statistical properties of the efficiency -an insight that could inspire novel
strategies in the design of efficient nano-motors.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
Free energy of colloidal particles at the surface of sessile drops
The influence of finite system size on the free energy of a spherical
particle floating at the surface of a sessile droplet is studied both
analytically and numerically. In the special case that the contact angle at the
substrate equals a capillary analogue of the method of images is
applied in order to calculate small deformations of the droplet shape if an
external force is applied to the particle. The type of boundary conditions for
the droplet shape at the substrate determines the sign of the capillary
monopole associated with the image particle. Therefore, the free energy of the
particle, which is proportional to the interaction energy of the original
particle with its image, can be of either sign, too. The analytic solutions,
given by the Green's function of the capillary equation, are constructed such
that the condition of the forces acting on the droplet being balanced and of
the volume constraint are fulfilled. Besides the known phenomena of attraction
of a particle to a free contact line and repulsion from a pinned one, we
observe a local free energy minimum for the particle being located at the drop
apex or at an intermediate angle, respectively. This peculiarity can be traced
back to a non-monotonic behavior of the Green's function, which reflects the
interplay between the deformations of the droplet shape and the volume
constraint.Comment: 24 pages, 19 figure
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