Triplismo en la Hispania céltica

In the Indo-European religion and magical practices, the threeness or triadism is a very common feature. The society itself, like Georges Dumézil saw, was structured according to a tripartite classification: priests, warriors and farmers. The number three in vernacular literature of Ireland and Wales, and in celtic iconography and symbolism, was magical, sacred, and it was because the celtic people considered that the repetition of an action or image had the effect of intensification of the idea deposited in it. With the present contribution we attempts to see if in Celtic Spain there was triplism or triadism in iconographic documentation, and the result we think that is afirmative, but not with intensity and documental abundance that there are in the British Islands and the Romano-Celtic Gallia. The situation of Celtic Spain is similar -low intensity- to other regions of the Celtic Europe, like the eastern territories.En la mentalidad mágico-religiosa de los pueblos indoeuropeos la triplicidad constituye uno de sus rasgos más destacados. Su propia sociedad, tal como Georges Dumézil la analizó, se estructuraba en tres partes: sacerdotes, guerreros y productores. El número tres en la literatura vernácula irlandesa y galesa, así como en la iconografía y el simbolismo celtas, alcanzó una gran importancia porque entendían que al triplicar un acto o una imagen se potenciaba la capacidad y el efecto de la idea depositada en ellos. Ante esta realidad, el objetivo del presente trabajo es tratar de ver si en la iconografía de los pueblos del área céltica de Hispania se puede identificar la existencia de triplismo, y en caso afirmativo, ver el alcance con el que entre ellos pudo haber arraigado. A nuestro parecer, el resultado es que, aunque no se manifiesta ni con la intensidad ni con la riqueza documental que en las Islas Británicas y la Galia, sí se puede reconocer la presencia de la mentalidad relacionada con él, si bien muestra similar baja intensidad que en otras áreas de la Céltica europea

La cerámica celtibérica gris de imitación de vasos metálicos en el valle del Duero: propuesta de sistematización y problemática en torno a su origen

Entre los años 130/1 25 y 75/70 antes de Cristo se estuvo fabricando en el centro de la Cuenca del Duero un tipo de cerámica celtibérica en pastas grises, de superficies lustrosas y tacto céreo que imitan prototipos metálicos pero en la que convergen influencias de familias y grupos cerámicos diversos. En este trabajo hemos querido centrarnos en dos aspectos básicos de estas producciones: su ordenación tipológica y la compleja problemática existente en torno a su origen

Unified formulation of a family of iterative solvers for power systems analysis

This paper illustrates the construction of a new class of iterative solvers for power flow calculations based on the method of Alternating Search Directions. This method is fit to the particular algebraic structure of the power flow problem resulting from the combination of a globally linear set of equations and nonlinear local relations imposed by power conversion devices, such as loads and generators. The choice of the search directions is shown to be crucial for improving the overall robustness of the solver. A noteworthy advantage is that constant search directions yield stationary methods that, in contrast with Newton or Quasi-Newton methods, do not require the evaluation of the Jacobian matrix. Such directions can be elected to enforce the convergence to the high voltage operative solution. The method is explained through an intuitive example illustrating how the proposed generalized formulation is able to include other nonlinear solvers that are classically used for power flow analysis, thus offering a unified view on the topic. Numerical experiments are performed on publicly available benchmarks for large distribution and transmission systems.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Cuatro enterramientos calcolíticos en hoyo del Cerro de la Cabeza (Ávila)

This paper presents a thorough description of four pit burials dated to the Copper Age and recovered during the rescueexcavation of a pit site. The lot consists of a multiple pit burial containing six individuals with clear proofs of violenceplus three other single pit burials. The inhumation was the funerary treatment followed in all cases and proofs of secondaryburial have been also documented. Data on material culture, physical anthropology, paleopathology, palaeodiet,archaeopalinology and radiocarbon dating of the human remains are included for each burial pit. The paper proposesan overall archaeological interpretation of these funerary testimonies in their cultural context. Their probable extraordinarycharacter is highlighted, as relegated burial cases at the margins of the everyday normative mortuary rules.En este trabajo se describen en detalle las cuatro fosas funerarias de época calcolítica descubiertas en un campo dehoyos objeto de una excavación de urgencia. Se trata de una fosa múltiple con seis individuos con claras pruebas deviolencia y tres fosas individuales. En todos los casos se practicó la inhumación de los cadáveres, y se recuperaronindicios claros de enterramientos secundarios en alguna de sus formas posibles. Se presentan de forma individualizadalos resultados obtenidos de cada fosa, incluyendo información sobre los restos de cultura material hallados en el rellenojunto a la ofrecida por los estudios de antropología física, paleopatología, paleodieta, arqueopalinología y las cincodataciones de radiocarbono obtenidas de los restos humanos. Por último, se interpretan estos testimonios en el marcocultural de su época, insistiéndose en su consideración de enterramientos extraordinarios o de relegación, al margende la pauta funeraria normativa

Combination of synergic enzymes and ultrasounds as an effective Pretreatment Process to Break Microalgal Cell Wall and Enhance Algal Oil Extraction

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable source of bioactive lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of neutral and polar lipids from microalgae requires alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pretreatment. In this work, a combined ultrasound and enzymatic process using commercial enzymes Viscozyme, Celluclast, and Alcalase was optimized as a pretreatment method for Nannochloropsis gaditana, where the Folch method was used for lipid extraction. Significant differences were observed among the used enzymatic pretreatments, combined with ultrasound bath or probe-type sonication. To further optimize this method, ranges of temperatures (35, 45, and 55 °C) and pH (4, 5, and 8) were tested, and enzymes were combined at the best conditions. Subsequently, simultaneous use of three hydrolytic enzymes rendered oil yields of nearly 29%, showing a synergic effect. To compare enzymatic pretreatments, neutral and polar lipids distribution of Nannochloropsis was determined by HPLC–ELSD. The highest polar lipids content was achieved employing ultrasound-assisted enzymatic pretreatment (55 °C and 6 h), whereas the highest glycolipid (44.54%) and PE (2.91%) contents were achieved using Viscozyme versus other enzymes. The method was applied to other microalgae showing the potential of the optimized process as a practical alternative to produce valuable lipids for nutraceutical applications

Mitochondrial DNA in Osteoarthritis Disease

[Abstract] Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease, and we actually know that the activation of maladaptive responses to injury, including pro-inflammatory pathways, leads to the loss of normal joint function characterized by cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and joint inflammation [1]. Recent insights into the epidemiology and impact of OA on patients have clearly established that OA is a severe disease of the whole joint as an organ, with large unmet medical needs. OA has a complex etiology that comprises the combination of multiple factors, including gender, age, occupation, trauma, body mass index, and genetics. Approximately, between 30 and 65% of the risk of OA is genetically determined [2] with evidence accumulated from different genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [3]. Most of these studies focused on nuclear genetic variants; however, over the last decade, evidence has accumulated for an association between specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic variants, called haplogroups, and different OA-related features, including prevalence, progression, and incidence [4].Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBERCB06/01/0040Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RETIC-RIER-RD16/0012/0002Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PRB2-ISCIII-PT17/0019/0014Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI14/01254Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI16/02124Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI17/0021

Mitochondria and Mitophagy: Biosensors for Cartilage Degradation and Osteoarthritis

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