19 research outputs found

    Evaluating the regulator : winners and losers in the regulation of Spanish electricity distribution (1988-2002)

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    The main aim of this article is to evaluate the actions of the Spanish regulator as far as the activity of electricity distribution is concerned. In contrast to other European Union countries, in Spain this activity has historically been in the hands of the private sector. To this end, we shall firstly analyze whether the legislative changes introduced by the regulator have led to the distribution companies improving their efficiency levels; secondly, whether the benefits they have obtained have been linked to these levels; and lastly, whether the consumer has shared in these improvements. The analysis was carried out by comparing the income obtained by the companies as reward for their electricity distribution activity during the 1988-2002 period with those they would have received had the regulation model proposed by Bogetoft (1997) been applied to them. The results show that the Spanish electricity regulator has not linked the reward given to the companies with their efficiency, and in addition, they have benefited at the expense of the interests of the consumer

    Multi-output compensation system in electricity distribution : the case of Spain

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    The Marco Legal Estable provides us with a rare opportunity to study a system of multi-output reimbursements applied to the distribution of electricity in Spain over an extensive period of time: 1988 - 1997. To do so, an analysis structure is proposed based on a Bennet-type indicator (1920), which allows us to identify the variations in the revenues associated with the activity of electricity distribution, for each of the companies and each one of the outputs. The Law recognized, regulated and compensated four products differently. This indicator is broken down into a quantity effect and a reimbursement effect. The quantity effect evaluates the impact on revenues of the variations in demand for each of the outputs, and the reimbursement effect the modifications in revenues due to the changes in the remuneration per product, which are based on standard costs. Modern production theory is used to explain the quantity indicator by means of a productivity and activity effect. Lastly, the productivity indicator is broken down into operating efficiency, allocative efficiency and technical change. To do so, a sequential-type technology is defined whose information begins in 1952. Mathematical programming techniques are used to resolve the proposed economic decomposition

    Regulaci贸n de la distribuci贸n el茅ctrica en Espa帽a : an谩lisis econ贸mico de una d茅cada, 1987-1997

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    A principios de los a帽os 80 se implant贸 en Espa帽a un sistema de regulaci贸n para el sector el茅ctrico conocido como Marco Legal Estable, y que pretend铆a dar una soluci贸n a la situaci贸n de precariedad econ贸mica y financiera por la que atravesaba esta industria en esos momentos. Este marco legal se basaba en un sistema multiproducto, en el que se retribu铆a a las empresas no por los costes efectivamente incurridos, sino por unos costes est谩ndar calculados por el regulador de igual modo para todas las empresas. En este trabajo se analizan las consecuencias que tuvo la aplicaci贸n de este sistema de regulaci贸n en la actividad de distribuci贸n el茅ctrica. Para ello se propone un modelo econ贸mico que nos permite realizar una evaluaci贸n de la evoluci贸n de los ingresos de las empresas distribuidoras, dentro de un contexto definido por un indicador de tipo Bennet. Los resultados obtenidos son discutidos en relaci贸n con las previsiones de comportamiento de los agentes realizadas por Crampes y Laffont (1995) en su estudio te贸rico del Marco Legal Estable.A principis dels anys 80 es va implementar a Espanya un sistema de regulaci贸 pel sector el猫ctric conegut com a Marco Legal Estable, que pretenia donar una soluci贸 a la situaci贸 de precarietat econ貌mica i financera per la que passava la ind煤stria en aquests moments. Aquest marc legal es basava en un sitema multiproducte, en el que es retribu茂a a les empreses no pels costos efectivaments 'incurridos', sino per uns costos est脿ndards calculats pel regulador d'igual manera per a totes les empreses. En aquest treball s'analitzan les conseq眉猫ncies que va tenir l'aplicaci贸 d'aquest sistema de regulaci贸 en l'activitat de distribuci贸 el猫ctrica

    Post-Hospital Syndrome and Hyponatremia

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    Introduction: Post-hospital syndrome (PHS) is defined as a period of vulnerability during the first 30 days after a patient is discharged from hospital, in which multiple factors come into play. Hyponatremia is the most frequent hydroelectrolytic disorder in hospitalized patients and may be related to the appearance of PHS. Objective: The objective is to estimate the prevalence of PHS that is assessed as the rate of readmissions in the first 30 days after discharge, in patients with hyponatremia. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive observational study of patients with hyponatremia who were discharged from 1 September 2010 to 2 February 2020 at the Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital University of San Juan (Alicante, Spain). Results: Of the 25 included patients, 5 (20%) were readmitted within a month of discharge, after a mean of 11.4 days (standard deviation [SD] 5.1). The overall mortality of the study was 20% (n = 5), with one case of death in the first 30 days post-hospitalization (4%). In 12 patients (48%) the origin of the hyponatremia was undetermined. The most frequently recorded etiology for the condition was pharmacological (n = 7, 28%), and there was pronounced variability in its clinical and laboratory study. The most widely used corrective measure was drug withdrawal, in 16 patients (64%). Water intake restriction was the most common treatment after discharge (5 patients, 20%), followed by urea (2 patients, 8%), while tolvaptan was not used. Conclusion: Hyponatremia may be the cause of PHS, which could increase the rate of early readmission. Hyponatremia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated entity, so it is necessary to apply an appropriate system to optimize its management and, in future studies, to assess its impact on PHS

    Regulaci贸n y eficiencia en el sector el茅ctrico espa帽ol : 1988-2004 /

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    Consultable des del TDXT铆tol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEl objetivo general de esta tesis es estudiar el comportamiento de las empresas el茅ctricas espa帽olas como respuesta a las reformas regulativas implementadas en el sector entre 1987 y 2004. Espec铆ficamente, se pretende relacionar las medidas legislativas adoptadas con el desempe帽o de las empresas desde el punto de vista de su eficiencia. Tras un primer cap铆tulo introductorio y un segundo en el que se ofrece una sucinta revisi贸n de la regulaci贸n del sector desde los a帽os cuarenta hasta la actualidad, los Cap铆tulos III, IV y V constituyen el n煤cleo central de la tesis. Finalmente, el Cap铆tulo VI resume las conclusiones principales. El Cap铆tulo III examina la evoluci贸n de los ingresos obtenidos por las empresas como retribuci贸n del regulador a su actividad de distribuci贸n durante el periodo 1987-1997, cuando estaba en vigor la regulaci贸n conocida como Marco Legal Estable (MLE). Para ello, se propone la utilizaci贸n de un indicador de ingresos del tipo Bennet (1920), que permite identificar las variaciones en los ingresos para cada compa帽铆a y cada producto. Este indicador es descompuesto en un efecto cantidad y un efecto retribuci贸n. Asimismo, la moderna teor铆a de la producci贸n permite explicar el indicador de cantidad, resultado de un efecto actividad y un efecto productividad. Finalmente, el indicador de productividad es descompuesto en sus fuentes econ贸micas. Hemos observado que las compa帽铆as explotaron las debilidades del sistema regulativo, identificando y presionando sobre sus puntos m谩s d茅biles, que afectan 煤nicamente a aspectos parciales. Esta situaci贸n condujo a la puesta en funcionamiento de instalaciones innecesarias seg煤n la demanda existente. Esto llev贸 a una sistem谩tica p茅rdida de productividad en el sector. Adem谩s, hemos encontrado que durante el MLE no se produjo cambio t茅cnico en el sector. Finalmente, los altos niveles de ineficiencia asignativa encontrados apuntan a una incapacidad del regulador para dotar a las empresas de un esquema de retribuci贸n adecuado. El Cap铆tulo IV eval煤a la actuaci贸n del regulador espa帽ol en lo que a la actividad de distribuci贸n el茅ctrica se refiere. Para ello se analiza si los cambios legislativos introducidos por el regulador han llevado a las empresas de distribuci贸n a alcanzar mayores niveles de eficiencia; si la retribuci贸n que han obtenido ha estado ligada a estos niveles; y, por 煤ltimo, si el consumidor ha participado de estas mejoras. El an谩lisis se realiza comparando los ingresos obtenidos por las empresas como compensaci贸n de la actividad de distribuci贸n el茅ctrica durante el periodo 1988-2002 con los que hubieran percibido de serles aplicado el modelo de regulaci贸n por incentivos propuesto por Bogetoft (1997). Los resultados muestran que el regulador el茅ctrico espa帽ol no ha ligado la retribuci贸n otorgada a las empresas con su eficiencia, y adem谩s las ha beneficiado en detrimento de los intereses del consumidor. El Cap铆tulo V analizamos el desempe帽o del sector el茅ctrico espa帽ol entre 1991 y 2004, desde un punto de vista financiero, econ贸mico y distributivo. El objetivo es identificar los cambios en los resultados de las empresas producidos como consecuencia del proceso de liberalizaci贸n iniciado en 1998. Para ello, relacionamos los cambios de la productividad del sector y sus empresas con la trayectoria de sus beneficios. Adicionalmente, identificamos y cuantificamos las fuentes econ贸micas de los cambios en la productividad. Finalmente, analizamos c贸mo los beneficios de las empresas han sido distribuidos entre los distintos agentes implicados. Con esta finalidad, hacemos una descomposici贸n anual del cambio en los beneficios de las empresas. Los resultados muestran que (i) las empresas han aumentado sus beneficios econ贸micos tras la liberalizaci贸n; (ii) los aumentos debidos a la mejora en la productividad y los m谩rgenes han sido conjuntamente muy superiores a los beneficios trasladados a los consumidores a trav茅s de menores precios, por lo que (iii) los accionistas de las empresas y no tanto los consumidores, son los grandes beneficiados de la liberalizaci贸n y privatizaci贸n del sector. La implementaci贸n del an谩lisis se ha llevado a cabo utilizando t茅cnicas de programaci贸n matem谩tica basadas en los modelos 芦Data Envelopment Analysis禄 (DEA).The general objective of this thesis is to study the Spanish electricity companies' behaviour as a reaction to the regulative reforms implemented in the sector since 1987 to 2004. Specifically, we intend to link the legislative initiatives adopted with companies' efficiency performance. After a first introductory chapter and a second one in which we offer a brief revision of the electricity sector regulation since the forties until nowadays, Chapter III, IV and V constitute the main body of the thesis. Finally, Chapter VI summarizes the main conclusions. Chapter III examines how the companies' revenues obtained from the regulator for the distribution activity have evolved during the 1987-1997 period, when they were submitted to the regulation known as Marco Legal Estable (MLE). To do so, an analysis is proposed based on a Bennet-type indicator (1920), which allows us to identify the variations in the revenues for each of the companies and each one of the outputs. This indicator is decomposed into a quantity effect and a reimbursement effect. Modern production theory is used to explain the quantity indicator by means of a productivity and activity effect. Lastly, the productivity indicator is broken down into their sources. We have observed that companies have exploited the weaknesses of the system by identifying and applying pressure to its weakest points, which only affect partial aspects of the regulatory system. This fact led to the companies to bring forward investments which would not be needed until well into the future. This caused a systematic loss of productivity in the sector. Furthermore, we found that during the MLE no technical change took place. Finally, the high levels of allocative inefficiency found point to the regulator being incapable of providing the companies with a adequate reimbursement mechanism. Chapter IV evaluates the actions of the Spanish regulator as far as the activity of electricity distribution is concerned. To this end, we shall firstly analyze whether the legislative changes introduced by the regulator have led to the distribution companies improving their efficiency levels; secondly, whether the benefits they have obtained have been linked to these levels; and lastly, whether the consumer has shared in these improvements. The analysis was carried out by comparing the income obtained by the companies as compensation for their electricity distribution activity during the 1988-2002 period with those they would have received had the regulation model proposed by Bogetoft (1997) been applied to them. The results show that the Spanish electricity regulator has not linked the compensation given to the companies with their efficiency, and in addition, they have benefited at the expense of the interests of the consumer. In Chapter V we analyse the Spanish electricity sector performance during the 1991-2004 period from a financial, economic and distributional point of view. Our main purpose is to identify the changes in companies' performance caused by the liberalizing process initiated in 1998. To do that, we link electricity sector and companies' productivity changes to their profit trends. In addition, we identify and quantify the economic sources of the productivity changes. Lastly, we analyse how the companies' profits have been distributed among the different stakeholders. We make a detailed decomposition of year-to-year profit change at electricity companies. Our results show: (i) Companies have increased their economic profits after liberalization; (ii) The profit increases caused by productivity improvements and margins have been altogether much higher than the profits transferred to consumers; therefore (iii) Shareholders and not consumers have been the main beneficiaries of the sector liberalization and privatization. The implementation of the analysis has been carried out using mathematical programming techniques based on 'Data Envelopment Analysis' (DEA) models

    Regulaci贸n de la Distribuci贸n El茅ctrica en Espa帽a: An谩lisis Econ贸mico de una D茅cada, 1987-1997

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    A principios de los a帽os 80 se implant贸 en Espa帽a un sistema de regulaci贸n para el sector el茅ctrico conocido como Marco Legal Estable, y que pretend铆a dar una soluci贸n a la situaci贸n de precariedad econ贸mica y financiera por la que atravesaba esta industria en esos momentos. Este marco legal se basaba en un sistema multiproducto, en el que se retribu铆a a las empresas no por los costes efectivamente incurridos, sino por unos costes est谩ndar calculados por el regulador de igual modo para todas las empresas. En este trabajo se analizan las consecuencias que tuvo la aplicaci贸n de este sistema de regulaci贸n en la actividad de distribuci贸n el茅ctrica. Para ello se propone un modelo econ贸mico que nos permite realizar una evaluaci贸n de la evoluci贸n de los ingresos de las empresas distribuidoras, dentro de un contexto definido por un indicador de tipo Bennet. Los resultados obtenidos son discutidos en relaci贸n con las previsiones de comportamiento de los agentes realizadas por Crampes y Laffont (1995) en su estudio te贸rico del Marco Legal Estable

    Evaluating the regulator: Winners and losers in the regulation of Spanish electricity distribution

    No full text
    The principal aim of this study is to evaluate the regulation of electricity distribution in Spain. To this end, we begin by analyzing whether the changes introduced by the regulator led distribution companies to improve their efficiency; we then address whether the reimbursements paid to the distribution companies are linked to efficiency; lastly, we examine whether consumers benefited from the efficiency improvements. We focus on Spain because the electricity regulator in that country is a longstanding pioneer in the implementation of incentive-based regulatory models. Our analysis was implemented using the regulatory model proposed by Bogetoft (1997) as a benchmark. The results show that the Spanish electricity regulator did not establish a link between efficiency and the reimbursements paid to electricity companies; in addition, the electricity companies benefited to the detriment of consumers.Efficiency analysis Regulation by incentives Spanish electricity distribution Yardstick competition

    Regulaci贸n de la distribuci贸n el茅ctrica en Espa帽a: an谩lisis econ贸mico de una d茅cada, 1987-1997

    No full text
    A principis dels anys 80 es va implementar a Espanya un sistema de regulaci贸 pel sector el猫ctric conegut com a Marco Legal Estable, que pretenia donar una soluci贸 a la situaci贸 de precarietat econ貌mica i financera per la que passava la ind煤stria en aquests moments. Aquest marc legal es basava en un sitema multiproducte, en el que es retribu茂a a les empreses no pels costos efectivaments 'incurridos', sino per uns costos est脿ndards calculats pel regulador d'igual manera per a totes les empreses. En aquest treball s'analitzan les conseq眉猫ncies que va tenir l'aplicaci贸 d'aquest sistema de regulaci贸 en l'activitat de distribuci贸 el猫ctrica

    Multi-output compensation system in electricity distribution : the case of Spain

    No full text
    The Marco Legal Estable provides us with a rare opportunity to study a system of multi-output reimbursements applied to the distribution of electricity in Spain over an extensive period of time: 1988 - 1997. To do so, an analysis structure is proposed based on a Bennet-type indicator (1920), which allows us to identify the variations in the revenues associated with the activity of electricity distribution, for each of the companies and each one of the outputs. The Law recognized, regulated and compensated four products differently. This indicator is broken down into a quantity effect and a reimbursement effect. The quantity effect evaluates the impact on revenues of the variations in demand for each of the outputs, and the reimbursement effect the modifications in revenues due to the changes in the remuneration per product, which are based on standard costs. Modern production theory is used to explain the quantity indicator by means of a productivity and activity effect. Lastly, the productivity indicator is broken down into operating efficiency, allocative efficiency and technical change. To do so, a sequential-type technology is defined whose information begins in 1952. Mathematical programming techniques are used to resolve the proposed economic decomposition

    The Spanish manufacturing industry and the European production networks

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    El objetivo de este trabajo es avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la participaci贸n de la industria espa帽ola en redes de producci贸n internacional. La estimaci贸n de los determinantes de los flujos comerciales de partes y componentes a partir de un modelo de gravedad ampliado con datos de panel para el periodo 1990-2007 permite delimitar la naturaleza de esta participaci贸n y deslindar, de una parte, el papel que juegan las diferencias tecnol贸gicas y en dotaci贸n factorial de Espa帽a con sus socios comerciales y de otra, la pertenencia a la Uni贸n Europea. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la participaci贸n espa帽ola en los procesos de fragmentaci贸n de la producci贸n internacional se produce mayoritariamente en el 谩mbito europeo, respondiendo a variables relacionadas con su ventaja comparativa frente a sus socios comerciales y habiendo sido la creaci贸n de la UE un elemento fundamental de impulso a este tipo de comercio. Adem谩s, se ha puesto de manifiesto que factores como la cercan铆a geogr谩fica y la disponibilidad de unas estructuras de transporte y telecomunicaciones de buena calidad han favorecido este comercio intermedio, compensando la ausencia de ventajas comparantivas frente a pa铆ses de menor grado de desarrollo.The aim of the paper is to advance the knowledge of Spain鈥焥 participation in international production networks using data on trade in parts and components from 1990 to 2007. We have estimated the factors that influence trade in parts and components using an extended gravity panel data model. In addition to the standard variables in gravity models, we examine the role of differences in comparative advantages between Spain and its trading partners and the role of service link costs in parts and components trade. Our results show that the Spain鈥焥 integration in production networking responds to variable related to the comparative advantage that Spain has in comparison with its trading countries; moreover, the creation of the EU has crucially stimulated Spanish trade in parts and components. Other factors such as geographic proximity and availability of mediumhigh quality transport and telecommunications infrastructures have boosted Spanish participation in European production-sharing networks, compensating for the lack of location advantages related to lower development countries
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