Inter-community behavioural variation confirmed through indirect methods in four neighbouring chimpanzee communities in Cantanhez NP, Guinea-Bissau

UIDB/04038/2020 UIDP/04038/2020Culture, while long viewed as exclusively human, has now been demonstrated across diverse taxa and contexts. However, most animal culture data are constrained to well-studied, habituated groups. This is the case for chimpanzees, arguably the most ‘cultural’ non-human species. While much progress has been made charting wild chimpanzees' cultural repertoire, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the majority of the continent's chimpanzees. Furthermore, few studies have compared neighbouring communities, despite such comparisons providing the strongest evidence for culture, and few have studied communities living in anthropogenic habitats although their culture is in imminent danger of disappearing. Here we combine direct, indirect and remote methods, including camera traps, to study, over 2 years, four unhabituated neighbouring chimpanzee communities inhabiting human-impacted habitats in Cantanhez NP, Guinea-Bissau. From traces collected during 1089 km of reconnaissance walks and 4197 videos from 56 camera trap locations, we identified 18 putative cultural traits. These included some noteworthy novel behaviours for these communities, and behaviours possibly new to the species. We created preliminary behavioural profiles for each community, and found inter-community differences spanning tool use, communication, and social behaviour, demonstrating the importance of comparing neighbouring communities and of studying previously neglected communities including those inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes.publishersversionpublishe

Group decisions and individual differences: route fidelity predicts flight leadership in homing pigeons (Columba livia)

How social-living animals make collective decisions is currently the subject of intense scientific interest, with increasing focus on the role of individual variation within the group. Previously, we demonstrated that during paired flight in homing pigeons, a fully transitive leadership hierarchy emerges as birds are forced to choose between their own and their partner's habitual routes. This stable hierarchy suggests a role for individual differences mediating leadership decisions within homing pigeon pairs. What these differences are, however, has remained elusive. Using novel quantitative techniques to analyse habitual route structure, we show here that leadership can be predicted from prior route-following fidelity. Birds that are more faithful to their own route when homing alone are more likely to emerge as leaders when homing socially. We discuss how this fidelity may relate to the leadership phenomenon, and propose that leadership may emerge from the interplay between individual route confidence and the dynamics of paired flight

From Compromise to Leadership in Pigeon Homing

SummaryA central problem faced by animals traveling in groups is how navigational decisions by group members are integrated, especially when members cannot assess which individuals are best informed or have conflicting information or interests [1–5]. Pigeons are now known to recapitulate faithfully their individually distinct habitual routes home [6–8], and this provides a novel paradigm for investigating collective decisions during flight under varying levels of interindividual conflict. Using high-precision GPS tracking of pairs of pigeons, we found that if conflict between two birds' directional preferences was small, individuals averaged their routes, whereas if conflict rose over a critical threshold, either the pair split or one of the birds became the leader. Modeling such paired decision-making showed that both outcomes—compromise and leadership—could emerge from the same set of simple behavioral rules. Pairs also navigated more efficiently than did the individuals of which they were composed, even though leadership was not necessarily assumed by the more efficient bird. In the context of mass migration of birds and other animals, our results imply that simple self-organizing rules can produce behaviors that improve accuracy in decision-making and thus benefit individuals traveling in groups [3, 9, 10]

Risk perception and terrestriality in primates: a quasi‐experiment through habituation of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique

Objectives Habituation is a common pre-requisite for studying noncaptive primates. Details and quantitative reporting on this process are often overlooked but are useful for measuring human impact on animal behavior, especially when comparing studies across time or sites. During habituation, perceived risk of a stimulus-human observers-is assumed to decline with repeated exposure to that stimulus. We use habituation as a quasi-experiment to study the landscape of fear, exploring relationships between actual risk, perceived risk, mediating environmental variables, and behavioral correlates. Materials and Methods We recorded vocalizations and observer-directed vigilance as indicators of perceived risk during habituation of two troops of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. Here, we model changes in these variables as a function of habituation time, troop, time of day, and habitat features. We also model the relationship between each of the anti-predator behaviors and ground-use, exploring whether they predict greater terrestriality in the baboons. Results In both troops, vocalization rates and observer-directed vigilance declined with cumulative exposure to observers, but were heightened later in the day and in denser habitat types. We found that terrestrial activity was negatively related to levels of both vocalizations and observer-directed vigilance. Discussion This study provides a quantitative assessment of the impact of human observation on primate behavior and highlights environmental variables that influence anti-predator behaviors, perhaps indicating heightened perception of risk. The relationship between perceived risk and terrestriality is significant for understanding the evolution of this rare trait in primates.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PEKERJAAN TERHADAP ORAL HYGIENE PADA IBU HAMIL DI RSUD MEURAXA BANDA ACEH

ABSTRAKNama: Muhammad AdriansyahProgram Studi: Kedokteran GigiJudul:Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan Terhadap Oral Hygiene pada Ibu Hamil di RSUD Meuraxa Banda AcehPendidikan adalah faktor sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi status kesehatan. Pekerjaan dihubungkan dengan tingkat pendidikan dan penghasilan, dimana pekerjaan membutuhkan latar belakang pendidikan yang tinggi, dan penghasilan dimana seseorang mempunyai penghasilan lebih besar maka akan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan dalam menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Selama masa kehamilan, wanita mengalami beberapa perubahan fisiologis yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan hormonal. Perubahan fisiologis juga berdampak pada perubahan menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut, sehingga wanita hamil lebih rentan terkena masalah gigi dan mulut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pendidikan dan pekerjaan terhadap oral hygiene pada ibu hamil di RSUD Meuraxa Banda Aceh. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan metode cross sectional untuk melihat hubungan antar dua variabel. Penelitian ini melibatkan 48 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subjek penelitian mengisi kuisioner yang diberikan serta diperiksa tingkat kebersihan rongga mulutnya. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS menggunakan Korelasi Spearman. Hasil uji menunjukkan ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara tingkat pendidikan (

Appropriate knowledge of wild chimpanzee behavior (‘know-what’) and field experimental protocols (‘know-how’) are essential prerequisites for testing the origins and spread of technological behavior. Response to “Unmotivated subjects cannot provide interpretable data and tasks with sensitive learning periods require appropriately aged subjects” by C. Tennie and J. Call

We respond to the commentary by Tennie and Call (2023) on the article by Koops et al. (2022) in Nature Human Behaviour titled ‘Field experiments find no evidence that chimpanzee nut cracking can be independently innovated.’ Koops et al. (2022) showed that chimpanzee nut cracking is not a so-called ‘latent solution.’ Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Nimba Mountains (Guinea) did not crack nuts when presented with nuts and stones in ecologically valid field experiments. In their Commentary, Tennie and Call (2023) argued that the experiments were inconclusive for two reasons: 1) the chimpanzees were not motivated to treat the nuts as food, and 2) the chimpanzees were not within the appropriate ‘sensitive learning period.’ In our response, we argue that Tennie and Call (2023) incorrectly use the term ‘motivation’ to mean ‘willingness to eat the nut’, which requires existing knowledge of the edibility of the nuts. We also point out that it is unnatural and uninformative to inject nuts with honey to motivate the chimpanzees to eat them, as suggested by Tennie and Call (2023). Finally, we highlight that Koops et al. (2022) tested appropriately aged subjects (N=32 immatures). Moreover, we argue that there is no evidence to suggest that there is a strictly sensitive learning period restricted to juvenility. Finally, we emphasize the need for researchers doing experiments in captivity to visit their study species in the wild, and for field researchers to be involved in efforts to design ecologically valid experiments in captivity

The Arena System: a novel shared touch-panel apparatus for the study of chimpanzee social interaction and cognition

Abstract We report on the development of a novel shared touch-panel apparatus for examining a diverse range of topics in great ape social cognition and interaction. Our apparatusnamed the Arena System-is composed of a single multitouch monitor that spans across two separate testing booths, so that individuals situated in each booth have tactile access to half of the monitor and visual access to the whole monitor. Additional components of the system include a smart-film barrier able to restrict visual access between the booths, as well as two automated feeding devices that dispense food rewards to the subjects. The touch-panel, smart-film, and feeders are controlled by a PC that is also responsible for running the experimental tasks. We present data from a pilot behavioral game theory study with two chimpanzees in order to illustrate the efficacy of our method, and we suggest applications for a range of topics including animal social learning, coordination, and behavioral economics. The system enables fully automated experimental procedures, which means that no human participation is needed to run the tasks. The novel use of a touch-panel in a social setting allows for a finer degree of data resolution than do the traditional experimental apparatuses used in prior studies on great ape social interaction

Chimpanzee face recognition from videos in the wild using deep learning

Video recording is now ubiquitous in the study of animal behavior, but its analysis on a large scale is prohibited by the time and resources needed to manually process large volumes of data. We present a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) approach that provides a fully automated pipeline for face detection, tracking, and recognition of wild chimpanzees from long-term video records. In a 14-year dataset yielding 10 million face images from 23 individuals over 50 hours of footage, we obtained an overall accuracy of 92.5% for identity recognition and 96.2% for sex recognition. Using the identified faces, we generated co-occurrence matrices to trace changes in the social network structure of an aging population. The tools we developed enable easy processing and annotation of video datasets, including those from other species. Such automated analysis unveils the future potential of large-scale longitudinal video archives to address fundamental questions in behavior and conservation.Agência financiadora Número do subsídio Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) EP/M013774/1 Cooperative Research Program of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Google Clarendon Fund Boise Trust Fund Wolfson College, University of Oxford Leverhulme Trust PLP-2016-114 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 16H06283 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science LGP-U04info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Landscape complexity influences routememory formation in navigating pigeons

Observations of the flight paths of pigeons navigating from familiar locations have shown that these birds are able to learn and subsequently follow habitual routes home. Ithas been suggested that navigation alongthese routes is basedon the recognition of memorized visual landmarks. Previous research has identified the effect of landmarks on flight path structure, and thus the locations of potentially salient sites. Pigeons have also been observed to be particularly attracted to strong linear features in the landscape, such as roads and rivers. However, a more general understanding of the specific characteristics of the landscape that facilitate route learning has remained out of reach. In this study, we identify landscape complexity as a key predictor of the fidelity to the habitual route, and thus conclude that pigeons form route memories most strongly in regions where the landscape complexity is neither too great nor too low. Our results imply that pigeons process their visual environment on a characteristic spatial scalewhile navigating andcan explain the different degrees of success in reproducing route learning in different geographical locations