Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Europe

Antimicrobial drug self-medication occurs most often in eastern and southern Europe and least often in northern and western Europe

An expert-assisted citizen science program involving agricultural high schools provides national patterns on bee species assemblages

Ecology studies often require large datasets. The benefits of citizen science for collecting such datasets include the extension of spatial and temporal scales, and cost reduction. In classical citizen science, citizens collect data and send them directly to scientists. This may not be possible for the many biological groups for which specimen identification is difficult and requires high-level expertise. Here we report the results of an expert-assisted citizen science program where teachers from 20 French agricultural high schools collected bees, which were identified to species level by a panel of expert bee taxonomists. Overall the dataset included 70 collections (year × sampling site combinations) that resulted in 4574 specimens belonging to 195 species. We analysed this dataset using data freely available at a national scale on agriculture intensity and landscape composition. We found that species richness increased with increasing proportion of herbaceous semi-natural elements; species dominance decreased with increasing crop diversity; the proportion of above ground nesting species and specimens increased as the intensity of agricultural practices decreased. Comparing the results obtained with identification to species level and those obtained with higher taxa or parataxonomic approaches, we found that the loss of taxonomic resolution resulted in the non-significance of some results on the effects of environmental variables on bee assemblage-level attributes. Our study suggests that identification to species level is of great importance to detect the effects of global change on bees and that an expert-assisted citizen science paradigm could provide relevant results to guide conservation measures at a national scale.Fil: Le Féon, Violette. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Henry, Mickaël. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Guilbaud, Laurent. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Coiffait Gombault, Clémentine. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Dufrêne, Eric. Observatoire des Abeilles; FranciaFil: Kolodziejczyk, Emilie. Lycée agricole Reinach. Aménagement de l’espace STAV; FranciaFil: Kuhkmann, Michael. Kiel University. Zoological Museum; FranciaFil: Requier, Fabrice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Vaissière, Bernard E.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Franci

Students' participation in collaborative research should be recognised

Letter to the editor