when the EU meets the global South

1\. Introduction 5 2\. The New Trade Agenda: From the GATT to the WTO and Beyond 6 2.1 From Negative to Positive Integration at the Multilateral Level 6 2.2 Positive Integration at the Interregional Level 7 3\. Interregional Trade Negotiations and Regulatory Governance Regimes 8 3.1 The Negotiation of Regulatory Commitments Across Agendas 9 3.2 Regulatory Governance Regimes: The Institutional Setting and Strategic Constellations 11 4\. EU and Mercosur Interregional Negotiations: A Cross-Policy Analysis of Regulatory Governance Regimes 13 4.1 The Trade and Cooperative Agendas: Norms and Capacity Building Mechanisms 15 4.1.1 Trade Facilitation 15 4.1.2 Education 17 4.2 The Strategic Constellations: The Actors, Their Roles and Their Networks 19 4.2.1 Trade Facilitation 19 4.2.2 Education 21 5\. Varying Patterns of Regional Governance 24 6\. Some Final Remarks 27 References 29This paper focuses on the significance of regulatory governance at the regional level. In doing so, it analyzes to what extent and how North-South negotiations give rise to particular forms of regulatory governance in the developing world. To what extent do these forms vary across policy areas? Which elements account for the observed differences and similarities? Empirically, the paper explores the negotiation process between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), which aims to promote trade liberalization on the one hand, and the harmonization of regulatory frameworks on the other. The focus is on the trade and cooperative agendas involved in trade facilitation and education. Findings suggest that the negotiation of North-South agreements impacts on the ways in which different forms of regulatory governance are expressed, but this varies among particular policy issues. Both the type of norm promoted and the capacity building mechanisms envisaged create a particular ideational and material context, all of which in turn affects the actor constellation – type of actor, specific role and network configuration – hence leading to different regulatory governance regimes among policy areas, yet within the same trade negotiation

The effect of trade agendas on regulatory governance: when the EU meets the global south

This paper focuses on the significance of regulatory governance at the regional level. In doing so, it analyzes to what extent and how North-South negotiations give rise to particular forms of regulatory governance in the developing world. To what extent do these forms vary across policy areas? Which elements account for the observed differences and similarities? Empirically, the paper explores the negotiation process between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), which aims to promote trade liberalization on the one hand, and the harmonization of regulatory frameworks on the other. The focus is on the trade and cooperative agendas involved in trade facilitation and education. Findings suggest that the negotiation of North-South agreements impacts on the ways in which different forms of regulatory governance are expressed, but this varies among particular policy issues. Both the type of norm promoted and the capacity building mechanisms envisaged create a particular ideational and material context, all of which in turn affects the actor constellation – type of actor, specific role and network configuration – hence leading to different regulatory governance regimes among policy areas, yet within the same tradenegotiation

Syntax-driven program verification of matching logic properties

We describe a novel approach to program verification and its application to verification of C programs, where properties are expressed in matching logic. The general approach is syntax-directed: semantic rules, expressed according to Knuths attribute grammars, specify how verification conditions can be computed. Evaluation is performed by interplaying attribute computation and propagation through the syntax tree with invocation of a solver of logic formulae. The benefit of a general syntax-driven approach is that it provides a reusable reference scheme for implementing verifiers for different languages. We show that the instantiation of a general approach to a specific language does not penalize the efficiency of the resulting verifier. This is done by comparing our C verifier for matching logic with an existing tool for the same programming language and logic. A further key advantage of the syntax-directed approach is that it can be the starting point for an incremental verifier -- which is our long-term research target

Conceptualizing throughput legitimacy: procedural mechanisms of accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness in EU governance

This symposium demonstrates the potential for throughput legitimacy as a concept for shedding empirical light on the strengths and weaknesses of multi-level governance, as well as challenging the concept theoretically. This article introduces the symposium by conceptualizing throughput legitimacy as an ‘umbrella concept’, encompassing a constellation of normative criteria not necessarily empirically interrelated. It argues that in order to interrogate multi-level governance processes in all their complexity, it makes sense for us to develop normative standards that are not naïve about the empirical realities of how power is exercised within multilevel governance, or how it may interact with legitimacy. We argue that while throughput legitimacy has its normative limits, it can be substantively useful for these purposes. While being no replacement for input and output legitimacy, throughput legitimacy offers distinctive normative criteria— accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness— and points towards substantive institutional reforms.Published versio

Trace-Checking CPS Properties: Bridging the Cyber-Physical Gap

Cyber-physical systems combine software and physical components. Specification-driven trace-checking tools for CPS usually provide users with a specification language to express the requirements of interest, and an automatic procedure to check whether these requirements hold on the execution traces of a CPS. Although there exist several specification languages for CPS, they are often not sufficiently expressive to allow the specification of complex CPS properties related to the software and the physical components and their interactions. In this paper, we propose (i) the Hybrid Logic of Signals (HLS), a logic-based language that allows the specification of complex CPS requirements, and (ii) ThEodorE, an efficient SMT-based trace-checking procedure. This procedure reduces the problem of checking a CPS requirement over an execution trace, to checking the satisfiability of an SMT formula. We evaluated our contributions by using a representative industrial case study in the satellite domain. We assessed the expressiveness of HLS by considering 212 requirements of our case study. HLS could express all the 212 requirements. We also assessed the applicability of ThEodorE by running the trace-checking procedure for 747 trace-requirement combinations. ThEodorE was able to produce a verdict in 74.5% of the cases. Finally, we compared HLS and ThEodorE with other specification languages and trace-checking tools from the literature. Our results show that, from a practical standpoint, our approach offers a better trade-off between expressiveness and performance

Regionalismo e integración regional en América Latina : el Mercosur: ¿un “nuevo” espacio para la regulación social?

Números monográficos con título distintivo catalogados individualmente.‎Bajo la denominación "Documentos de trabajo" se publican resultados de los proyectos de investigación realizados y promovidos por el CEALCI. Además pueden ser incluidos en esta serie aquellos trabajos que, previa aceptación por el Consejo Editorial, reunan los requisitos de calidad establecidos y coincidan con los objetivos de la Fundación Carolina y su Centro de Estudios.‎Bibliografía: p. 20-23Resumen: El presente documento de trabajo analiza la evolución de los regionalismos en América Latina (AL) en las últimas dos décadas (2000-2020), así como sus perspectivas de futuro. El punto de partida del texto apunta a la hipótesis de que nos encontramos frente a una crisis del regionalismo latinoamericano, proceso marcado por la tendencia hacia la desintegración, cuyos orígenes se remontan al “decenio progresista” y que se profundizan con fuerza tras el “giro a la derecha”, con el telón de fondo de los efectos no superados de la crisis internacional de 2008. Se analiza este devenir tomando en consideración, en primer lugar, los cambios globales recientes, resumidos bajo la idea de una “crisis de la globalización”, con particular énfasis en sus efectos sobre la región. Seguidamente, se examinan las respuestas (o su ausencia) desde los regionalismos latinoamericanos, examinando primero la experiencia progresista y, luego, los cambios y las continuidades tras el giro a la derecha. Finalmente, se concluye con un balance y un examen de las perspectivas a futuro, que incorpora los impactos de la pandemia de la COVID-19, y tanto las potencialidades como los obstáculos para la elaboración de respuestas a este fenómeno de carácter regional

Trade governance in latin America. Interest articulation and institutions across negotiations in Argentina and Chile

The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics. Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies.La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas. Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva

Regionalismo e integración regional en América Latina: El Mercosur: ¿un “nuevo” espacio para la regulación social?

Social policies and regulations have traditionally been addressed at the domestic and global levels. Consequently, their study has fallen into the realm of comparative (domestic) politics or global studies (Kennett, 2013; Surender & Walker, 2013; Van der Vleuten, 2016). More recently, however, and somewhat modestly, social regulation has begun to be studied at the regional level as the region emerges as a relevant space for managing the challenges and uncertainty associated with economic and social globalization processes (Bianculli & Hoffmann, 2016; Deacon, Van Langenhove, et al., 2010; Riggirozzi & Yeates, 2015). While the case of the European Union has been thoroughly explored, other regions and regional organizations have received less attention. This is particularly striking in the case of Latin America, where there is a long history and tradition of regional cooperation not only in trade but also in other areas, including health, human rights, non-intervention, and nuclear weapons, among others (Petersen & Schulz, 2018). This paper seeks to analyse how and in what ways regional social regulation has advanced in Latin America. To this end, the case of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) is analysed. The analysis shows that even in a context of open or new regionalism, where the focus was on trade liberalisation, already in the 1990s, Mercosur started a regional process of regulation in two social policy areas: education and health. Over time, these two areas, although stable, have been manifesting different patterns of social regulation. Findings show the necessity to advance in broader and more comprehensive studies that allow us to capture continuities in regional processes, as well as possible variations across policy areas even within the same regional organisation where decisionmaking has a strong intergovernmental character. Finally, and from an applied point of view, they indicate the need to further articulate the regional as a meso-level between the national and the global to provide effective responses to cross-border problems.Las políticas y regulaciones sociales han sido tradicionalmente abordadas a nivel doméstico y global. Consecuentemente, su estudio ha recaído en el ámbito de la política (doméstica) comparada o de los estudios globales (Kennett, 2013; Surender y Walker, 2013; Van der Vleuten, 2016). Más recientemente, sin embargo, y de manera algo modesta aún, la regulación social ha comenzado a ser estudiada a nivel regional en la medida en que la región surge como un espacio relevante para gestionar los desafíos y la incertidumbre asociados a los procesos de globalización económica y social (Bianculli y Ribeiro Hoffmann, 2016; Deacon, Van Langenhove et al., 2010; Riggirozzi y Yeates, 2015). Mientras que el caso de la Unión Europea ha sido explorado de manera exhaustiva, otras regiones y organizaciones regionales han recibido menor atención. Esto resulta especialmente sorprendente en el caso de América Latina, donde existe una larga historia y tradición de cooperación regional no solo a nivel comercial sino también en otras áreas, que incluyen salud, derechos humanos, no-intervención, y armas nucleares, entre otras (Petersen y Schulz, 2018). Este trabajo busca analizar de qué manera ha ido avanzando la regulación regional social en América Latina. A tal fin, se analiza el caso del Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur). El análisis muestra que aun en un contexto de regionalismo abierto o nuevo regionalismo, donde el foco era la liberalización comercial, ya en los años noventa del siglo XX, Mercosur inicia un proceso regional de regulación en dos áreas de política social: educación y salud. Con el tiempo, estas dos áreas, aunque estables, han ido manifestando diferentes patrones de regulación social. Los hallazgos hablan entonces de la necesidad de avanzar en estudios más amplios que nos permitan captar continuidades en los procesos regionales, así como las posibles variaciones entre áreas de política aun dentro de una misma organización regional, donde la toma de decisiones presenta un fuerte carácter intergubernamental. Finalmente, y desde un punto de vista aplicado, muestra la necesidad de articular aún más lo regional como meso nivel entre lo nacional y lo global para dar respuestas eficaces a los problemas transfronterizos

Interregionalism, trade and standardization: the long road to the EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement and the uncertainties ahead

The European Union and the Common Market of the South reached a political accord for a free trade agreement in 2019. This chapter assesses the definitional and normative content of trade facilitation and intellectual property rights therein. Both policy areas are regulated in reference to international rules and standards as set by the World Trade Organization agreements. Yet, they equally evince the articulation of novel definitional and standardization materials. This is the case for transparency, participation, and the involvement of the business community in trade facilitation. In intellectual property, these relate to an explicit commitment to advancing economic and social welfare, and a clear public interest dimension, especially around patents and health. Ideational and institutional elements account for these noteworthy outcomes. Whereas the first refer to how ideas and discourse evolve in trade regulations and standards, the second variable underscores the relevance of history, thus emphasizing interregionalism as a process, where context and time are essential