Herbicide resistance technologies in soybean cultivars

The objective of this work was to carry out a technical analysis of the biotechnologies that confer resistance to herbicides in soybeans. Two experiments were carried out (I and II) in the agricultural years 2016/17 and 2017/18, using a randomized block design with six  and four  replicates. In experiment I, two forms of management in weed control were evaluated for each technology studied (Roundup Ready® and Liberty Link®) and for conventional soybeans, as well as grain yield. In experiment II, the efficiency of using different herbicides to control voluntary soybeans (with and without technology) was evaluated. The pre-emergent herbicides in both managements proposed for the cultivars controlled the weeds from the emergence of the soybean crop to the application of the post-emergent herbicides in both crops. Likewise, all post-emergent herbicides showed weed control above 90% at 14 and 28 days after application. In the evaluation of the chemical control of Garra IPRO voluntary soybean, the herbicide 2,4-D stood out among the others for being more efficient in both agricultural years (above 90%). The herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl are the most effective in controlling voluntary soybean cultivars BRS 284 and CZ16B39LL

Interference between weeds and crop: changes in secondary metabolism

Os metabólitos secundários garantem a sobrevivência das plantas em situações adversas. As plantas alteram sua constituição bioquímica a partir do metabolismo primário em resposta à mudanças no ambiente. A produção de metabólitos secundários mitiga os efeitos decorrentes do estresse permitindo o desenvolvimento da planta em situações não ideais. Compostos aleloquímicos são exemplos de metabólitos secundários produzidos por plantas em situação de interferência interespecífica. Quando em estresse por competição, as plantas possuem a capacidade de liberar compostos no ambiente a fim de sinalizar a presença ou inibir o crescimento de plantas vizinhas. As respostas no metabolismo secundário das culturas decorrentes da competição com plantas daninhas alteram a composição química da espécie, resultando em alterações no desenvolvimento e no rendimento. A aplicação de herbicidas também é fonte de alteração no metabolismo secundário pela interrupção de rotas, seja pelo acúmulo de ácidos constituintes ou a formação de compostos não desejados. A revisão atual tem como objetivo mostrar o estado da arte das relações de interferência entre plantas daninhas e as culturas sobre as alterações no metabolismo secundário.Secondary metabolites ensure the survival of plants in adverse situations. Plants change their biochemical constitution from the primary metabolism in response to changes in the environment. The production of secondary metabolites mitigates the effects of stress, allowing the plant development in non-ideal situations. Allelochemical compounds are examples of secondary metabolites produced by plants in situations of interspecific interference. When in competition stress, plants have the ability to release compounds into the environment in order to signal the presence or inhibit the growth of neighboring plants. Secondary metabolism responses of crops resulting from competition with weeds alter the chemical composition of the species, resulting in changes in development and yield. The application of herbicides is also an alteration source in the secondary metabolism by the interruption of routes, either by the accumulation of constituent acids or the formation of unwanted compounds. The current review aims to show the art state of interference relationships between weeds and crops on changes in secondary metabolism

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating

Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.Estudios previos, en primer lugar a través de las muestras de culturas occidentales, han documentado asociaciones sistemáticas del narcisismo subclínico con múltiples indicadores de estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo (p. ej. sociosexualidad ilimitada, infidelidad, caza de pareja). En este estudio se han usado respuestas de la encuesta transcultural de 30.470 personas de 53 naciones de 11 regiones mundiales (América del Norte, América del Sur/América Central, Europa del Norte, Europa del Oeste, Europa del Este, Europa del Sur, Oriente Próximo, África, Asia del Sur/Sudoeste de Asia, Asia del Este y Oceanía) para evaluar si el narcisismo (medido por el Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista; NPI) se asocia panuniversalmente con los indicadores del emparejamiento a corto plazo, tanto en la dirección, como en la intensidad. Los resultados sugieren que el narcisismo (incluidos muchos aspectos suyos medidos por el NPI) tiene las mismas asociaciones básicas con los rasgos de personalidad relacionados con el sexo (p. ej. extraversión alta) y con los resultados sexuales claves (p. ej. búsqueda más activa de las estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo) a través de las 11 mayores regiones mundiales del PDSI 2. La discusión se enfoca en las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio actual

Soybean grain yield losses due to interference by beggatticks and arrowleaf sida1

O grau de interferência mútua entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas pode ser afetado pelas espécies concorrentes e por seu nível populacional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de uso do modelo da hipérbole retangular na previsão das perdas de rendimento de grãos de soja causadas por picão-preto (Bidens spp.) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.). Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos em campo no Município de Eldorado do Sul-RS, nos anos de 1999/00 e 2000/01. Os tratamentos constaram de densidades de plantas de picão-preto ou de guanxuma, as quais foram alocadas de acordo com níveis populacionais de ervas encontrados naturalmente na área experimental. Constatou-se que as perdas de rendimento causadas por incrementos nas densidades de picão-preto e de guanxuma aumentaram de forma não linear. O modelo da hipérbole retangular propicia melhores ajustes quando utiliza perdas do rendimento de grãos do que perdas da matéria seca da soja no florescimento ou do rendimento biológico da soja. por meio da comparação dos parâmetros obtidos para o modelo testado, conclui-se que picão-preto interfere mais negativamente na cultura do que guanxuma.The level of reciprocal interference between weeds and crops is affected by the competing species and plant populations involved. This research was conducted in order to evaluate the possibility of using the retangular hyperbolic model for predicting soybean grain yield losses caused by beggarticks (Bidens spp.) and arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia L.) infestations. To accomplish this, there were carried out two field experiments in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, during the 1999/00 and 2000/01 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of beggarticks and arrowleaf densities, which were located according to naturally ocurring population levels in the research area. Was detected that grain yield losses due to increasing densities of these weeds increased non-linearly. The retangular hyperbolic model suits better adjustments when is used grain yield losses than using soybean dry matter at flowering stage or biological yield losses. Through comparison of the parameters estimated for the adjusted model, it is concluded that beggarticks exerts greater interference in soybean than arrowleaf sida

Soybean grain yield losses due to interference by beggatticks and arrowleaf sida1

O grau de interferência mútua entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas pode ser afetado pelas espécies concorrentes e por seu nível populacional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de uso do modelo da hipérbole retangular na previsão das perdas de rendimento de grãos de soja causadas por picão-preto (Bidens spp.) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.). Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos em campo no Município de Eldorado do Sul-RS, nos anos de 1999/00 e 2000/01. Os tratamentos constaram de densidades de plantas de picão-preto ou de guanxuma, as quais foram alocadas de acordo com níveis populacionais de ervas encontrados naturalmente na área experimental. Constatou-se que as perdas de rendimento causadas por incrementos nas densidades de picão-preto e de guanxuma aumentaram de forma não linear. O modelo da hipérbole retangular propicia melhores ajustes quando utiliza perdas do rendimento de grãos do que perdas da matéria seca da soja no florescimento ou do rendimento biológico da soja. por meio da comparação dos parâmetros obtidos para o modelo testado, conclui-se que picão-preto interfere mais negativamente na cultura do que guanxuma.The level of reciprocal interference between weeds and crops is affected by the competing species and plant populations involved. This research was conducted in order to evaluate the possibility of using the retangular hyperbolic model for predicting soybean grain yield losses caused by beggarticks (Bidens spp.) and arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia L.) infestations. To accomplish this, there were carried out two field experiments in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, during the 1999/00 and 2000/01 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of beggarticks and arrowleaf densities, which were located according to naturally ocurring population levels in the research area. Was detected that grain yield losses due to increasing densities of these weeds increased non-linearly. The retangular hyperbolic model suits better adjustments when is used grain yield losses than using soybean dry matter at flowering stage or biological yield losses. Through comparison of the parameters estimated for the adjusted model, it is concluded that beggarticks exerts greater interference in soybean than arrowleaf sida

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating: universal links across 11 World regions of the international sexuality description Project-2

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term matingPsichologijos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)