Ischnocnema nigriventris Lutz 1925

Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) Hylaplesia nigriventris Lutz 1925: original description, type locality “Itatiaia and Serra do Cubatão”. Basanitia nigriventris— Bokermann, 1966: first combination with Basanitia. Modification of one of the type localities, “Serra do Cubatão” corrected to Paranapiacaba, Santo André municipality. Eleutherodactylus nigriventris —Lynch 1968: first combination with Eleutherodactylus. Eleutherodactylus nigroventris— Lynch 1976: Misspelling for Eleutherodactylus nigriventris. Eleutherodactylus nigriventris— Heyer, 1985: designation of a lectotype and restriction of the type locality to Paranapiacaba, Santo André municipality. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) nigriventris— Lynch & Duellman, 1997. Ischnocnema nigriventris— Heinicke, Duellman & Hedges, 2007: first combination with Ischnocnema. Lectotype: AL-MN 719, a juvenile male from Paranapiacaba, Santo André municipality, state of São Paulo, Brazil, designated by Heyer (1985). Paralectotypes: AL-MN 721, USNM 96846, juveniles, both from Paranapiacaba, Santo André municipality, state of São Paulo, Brazil. AL-MN 720 juvenile of Ischnocnema guentheri (see Heyer, 1985) from Paranapiacaba, Santo André municipality, state of São Paulo, Brazil.Published as part of Berneck, Bianca V. M., Targino, Mariane & Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta, 2013, Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae), pp. 131-142 in Zootaxa 3694 (2) on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22228

Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae)

Berneck, Bianca V. M., Targino, Mariane, Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta (2013): Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa 3694 (2): 131-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.

Ischnocnema nigriventris

Re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris Ischnocnema nigriventris is allocated to the Ischnocnema lactea species series (sensu Canedo and Haddad, 2012). The species series includes species with tibia length IV>II>I; disk of first finger smaller than second; disks of the third and fourth wider than second; except for Finger I, which is rounded and not expanded, the others are expanded and are emarginated with ungual flap notched in dorsal view (see figs. 3 and 4 in Savage 1987); Fringes or webbing absent; palmar and thenar tubercles weakly developed; Finger I and Finger II with only one subarticular tubercle; Finger III and Finger IV with two subarticular tubercles; supernumerary tubercles absent; translucent nuptial pad on Finger I of most adult males (80 %), divided into two parts: one obscures the medial margin of the thenar tubercle and the other occupies the medial margin of the base of the thumb. Legs slender; thigh and tibia slightly longer than SVL in males, and barely shorter than SVL in females; tibia length 50 % of male SVL, and 48 % of female SVL; feet not webbed, and foot length corresponding to 50 % SVL; Toe length IV>V=III>II>I; Toe I disk is rounded and not expanded, the others are expanded emarginated disks, with ungual flap notched in dorsal view; inner metatarsal tubercle large, protruding, and ovoid; outer metatarsal tubercle small, conical and projecting; supernumerary metatarsal tubercles small and sparse; subarticular tubercles conical, projecting forward; calcar tubercle present and well developed. Dorsal skin shagreen with tubercles or warts, ranging in number, belly weakly areolate to areolate, flanks and posterior surface of thigh coarsely areolate. In life, the dorsum is dark brown with lighter or darker brown blotches. Males have bright yellow mottling on a dark background on the inguinal region and hidden areas of hindlimbs, while in females the mottling is bright orange. At night, specimens showed a light brown belly while during daytime those same specimens showed a deeply dark brown belly. The dorsal and ventral areas of the iris are silver, and the medial transverse band is yellowish copper (Fig. 3). In preservative, dorsal coloration ranges from dark brown to light brown, and some specimens may show many sparse patches (Fig 2). The belly and gular region range from light brown to dark brown, always with a lot of sparse dark spots. The most common venter feature is dark and areolate (76 %). The head is brown with lateral beige bars rising from the ventral margin of maxilla to eye ventral portion; sparse beige blotches cover the maxilla region, and a dark brown stripe outlines the supratympanic fold. Some specimens may show a vertebral white line that can be wide (5 %) or slender (29 %) (Fig. 2 A and D). This line extends from snout to vent. Other specimens show a large dorsolateral band starting behind the eyes and reaching the proximal quarter of the thigh, leg, and feet (17 %) (Fig. 2 B and C). Some specimens show a W-shaped dark brown mark between the eyes (Fig. 2 B). A cream interorbital bar is sometimes present (Fig. 2 C and D), as well as a semilunar cream mark at the tip of the snout (Fig. 2 B and D). Some specimens exhibit transversal dark brown stripes in the dorsal surfaces of hind limbs while, in others, the stripes are randomly disposed. The bright yellow and orange regions become white in preservative. All brown coloration becomes lighter brown in preservative. Diagnosis. Ischnocnema nigriventris can be distinguished from other Ischnocnema by the following combination of character states: (1) snout short and nearly rounded in dorsal view and rounded in profile view; (2) head wider than long; (3) prominent conical tubercles on the upper eyelid; (4) first finger shorter than second; (5) disks on fingers II–IV expanded and emarginated, with ungual flap notched in dorsal view; (6) translucent, double glandular nuptial pad on the thumbs of males; (7) vomerine teeth present; (8) single vocal sac not expanded externally; (9) skin on dorsum shagreen with tubercles or warts, flanks, belly and posterior portion of thighs areolate (10) prominent calcar on the heel; tibia length 60 % SVL; acuminate snout in dorsal view; disks usually small or slightly expanded, large only in I. hoehnei and I. vinhai; and conspicuous white glandular nuptial pads, unknown in I. vinhai; see Heyer, 1984; Hedges et al. 2008; Canedo et al. 2010). Ischnocnema nigriventris differs from species in the I. parva species series by its shagreen dorsum with tubercles. Finger I smaller than Finger II; disks expanded and emarginated; and translucent and glandular nuptial pads. (I. parva species series: smooth dorsum; Finger I as long as Finger II; small and pointed disks; and conspicuous white glandular nuptial pads [contra Hedges et al. 2008]). Ischnocnema nigriventris differs from the I. verrucosa species series by its rounded snout in dorsal view; Finger I shorter than II; and expanded disks. (I. verrucosa species series: snout sub acuminate in dorsal view; Finger I as long as II; and small disks, Hedges et al. 2008; Canedo et al. 2010). Ischnocnema nigriventris differs from I. manezinho and I. sambaqui, recently removed from the I. lactea species series and not allocated to any series (Canedo and Haddad, 2012), by its smaller size, males 18–20 mm; presence of nuptial pads; and bright coloration in hidden areas in life (bigger size, I. sambaqui males 32–40 mm, and I. manezinho males 22–28 mm; absence of nuptial pads and bright colors in hidden areas in life). Vocalization. Two calls were recorded for two specimens of Ischnocnema nigriventris. The first (considered a territorial call due to continuous and high emission rate) consists of a single, non-pulsed note emitted at regular intervals of 2.8–3.3 seconds (Figure 4). Note duration is 30–41 ms (36.1 ± 3.8 ms, n = 8 calls of two individuals). The frequency spectrum is 2004–3685 Hz and the peak frequency (= dominant frequency) is 2928–3014 Hz (2965 ± 46.0, n = 8 calls of two individuals). The second call (Figure 5), considered here as the advertisement call, shows two to four non-pulsed notes, emitted after long irregular intervals. The duration of the call is 194–565 ms, the frequency spectrum is 1955–3932 Hz, and the peak frequency is 2756–2928 Hz (n = 19 calls of three individuals). The first note differs from the others by its lower intensity (the amplitude of the first note is about 11–33 % lower than the others) and lower frequency range (the first note ranged from 2151–2774 Hz). Note duration is similar, the first note is 30–89 ms (54.2 ± 2.0 ms) and the others are 28–88 ms (41.7 ± 2.0 ms). The interval between the notes is 113–157 ms (132 ± 12 ms). The major differences in call with respect to other Ischnocnema from I. lactea series (sensu Canedo and Haddad, 2012) and I. manezinho and I. sambaqui (former I. lactea series and unassigned to species series in Canedo and Haddad, 2012) are shown in Table 2. I. nigriventris I. nigriventris I. randorum Call 1 Call 2 (advertissment call) (Heyer et al. 1990) Natural history. Ischnocnema nigriventris starts its vocalization activity just before dusk, with its territorial call. The males are usually found perching on trees or shrubs. On some occasions we found males calling from about three meters above the ground. On others, a couple in amplexus was observed moving on the leaf litter. Individuals were found active all year round, even during the dry season (June), although they were more abundant in September during the early stages of the rainy season when the forest was very humid. Two dissected females contained large, unpigmented ovarian ovules. One (CFBH 23478) with 20 ovules, nine in the left ovary and eleven in the right, and the second (MZUSP 136724) with 18 ovules in total. Ovule diameter: 2.5–3.2 (x = 2.8mm). Distribution. Ischnocnema nigriventris is only known from the Parque das Neblinas (Bertioga municipality), Paranapiacaba (Santo André municipality), and Boracéia (Salesópolis municipality), all localities in the Serra do Mar, eastern São Paulo State, Brazil (Figure 6). Remarks. Lutz (1925) did not designate type specimens in the original description of Hylaplesia nigriventris, only provided a single measurement (SVL 21mm), and mentioned two localities, Serra de Cubatão and Itatiaia, for the distribution of the species. Cochran (1961) lists one cotype, measuring 6.5 mm total length, from Serra de Cubatão and deposited in the United States Natural History Museum (USNM 96846). Bokermann (1966) cited two specimens labeled as cotypes from Adolpho Lutz Collection (AL-MN 720 and 721) and corrected the type locality to Paranapiacaba in Santo André, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Heyer (1985) found three specimens, labeled as cotypes, in the Adolpho Lutz Collection, AL-MN 719 (SVL 17.8 mm), AL-MN 720 (SVL 8.2 mm), and AL-MN 721 (SVL 7.0 mm), all from Paranapiacaba. The specimen AL-MN 720 was identified as a juvenile of Eleutherodactylus guentheri (now Ischnocnema guentheri) and, since none of these specimens reached the size informed in the original description, Heyer (1985) considered that this may be the length of the lost specimen from Itatiaia. From the remaining syntypes, he designated AL-MN 719 as lectotype (Figure 7). In the same work, he associated the lectotype with the specimen MZUSP 37787 from Boraceia, clearly cospecific with specimens studied herein. However, we found an unpublished illustration at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, having the following handwritten information “ Hylaplesia nigriventris, 21 mm. n. esp. Campo Bello, Alto da Serra de Cubatão Alto Itatiaia” (Figure 8). The illustrated specimen seems to exactly match the original description, on the basis of its color pattern and the recorded length (“ 21mm ”). As none of the syntypes from Paranapiacaba reach 21mm SVL, this illustrated specimen could be the lost syntype from Itatiaia. The illustration does not show any bright coloration on the inguinal region and hidden areas of the hind limbs, nor the presence of a calcar on the heels, or tubercles on the upper eyelid, as found on the extant syntypes of I. nigriventris and our freshly collected specimens. For those reasons, the specimens studied herein and the syntypes from Paranapiacaba may not be conspecific with the figured specimen and, consequently, with the original description, probably from the Itatiaia specimen, as already pointed by Heyer (1985). Since the specimens from Paranapiacaba are the only ones available, and considering that a lectotype has already been designated by Heyer (1985), in accordance with the Article 74.1. 3 of the I.C.Z.N., the name I. nigriventris is attributed to the syntypes, all from Paranapiacaba. The remaining lectotype and paralectotypes are juveniles, their color pattern is completely dark, and most of their fingers and toes are missing (Fig. 7). The specimens we collected share the following characters with them: series of warty tubercles on the upper eyelid and dorsum; presence of prominent calcar on the heels; and the expanded emarginated disks, with ungual flap notched in dorsal view. There are three species of the Ischnocnema lactea species series in Itatiaia, I. melanopygia, I. concolor, and I. holti (Targino & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2008; Targino et al. 2009). The illustrated specimen (Fig. 8) does not seem to correspond to any of them, although the expanded disks and W-shaped marking between the eyes may resemble I. holti. However, the shape of the head is different (rounded in I. holti, as shown in the illustration). The illustrated specimen has expanded disks on the first finger and toe: we consider this a mistake since this character does not occur in any known species of Ischnocnema. There are three species of the I. lactea series that are still known only from their type specimens, generally poorly preserved. These are I. gehrti, I. lactea, and I. paranaensis. The type locality of I. gehrti is also Paranapiacaba, but the type has smooth skin, truncate snout in dorsal view (as already observed by Pombal & Cruz, 1999), and has no palpebral tubercles. These character states are also listed in the original description of I. gehrti (Miranda–Ribeiro, 1926). The type of Ischnocnema lactea is from Iguape, state of São Paulo, SVL 32 mm, and the description makes no reference to bright coloration in life or palpebral tubercles (Miranda–Ribeiro, 1923). The type of Ischnocnema paranaensis is from Pico Paraná, state of Paraná, and it has smooth skin, vomerine teeth absent, palpebral and calcar tubercles absent (Langone & Segalla, 1996).Published as part of Berneck, Bianca V. M., Targino, Mariane & Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta, 2013, Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae), pp. 131-142 in Zootaxa 3694 (2) on pages 133-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22228

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Scinax Wagler (Anura: Hylidae) from Paraná, Southern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Geographic distribution of Scinax rossaferesae sp. nov. in the Southern Brazilian Plateau, showing its typelocality (red circle) and referred records (blue circles)

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Scinax Wagler (Anura: Hylidae) from Paraná, Southern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Scinax rossaferesae sp. nov. holotype (CFBH 21027; SVL 27.8). A: Dorsal view. B: Ventral view

Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

We describe the structure and histochemistry of mental and lateral glands in a representative array of 28 species of five genera of the Neotropical hylid frog tribe Cophomantini. Structural diversity was coded in 15 characters that were optimized on the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis. Mental and lateral glands occur in 17 species and 10 species, respectively, whereas nine species have both. Each glandular concentration may have two types of sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs), specialized mucous and specialized serous glands, which occur independently or may co-occur. Distinctive characteristics related to these glands are shape, aspect of the secretion, disposition, and distribution. The occurrences of mental and lateral glands, and the characters derived from macroscopic and microscopic examinations, have an intricate taxonomic distribution, with differing levels of homoplasy. The function of SDSGs in Cophomantini is currently unknown. However, based on structural and histochemical similarities to SDSGs from other species of amphibians where experimental evidence exists, we infer they might be involved in the secretion of chemical signals during courtship behaviour. The distribution pattern of these glands, along with the existence of different signals (i.e. acoustic, visual, tactile), suggests the presence of multimodal signalling for some species of the tribe.Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Hermida, Gladys Noemí. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Barsotti, Adriana M. G.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Jared, Carlos. Governo Do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria Da Saude. Instituto Butantan; BrasilFil: Antoniazzi, Marta Maria. Governo Do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria Da Saude. Instituto Butantan; BrasilFil: Rivera Correa, Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Berneck, Bianca V. M.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Systematics of spiny-backed treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteocephalus): An Amazonian puzzle

Spiny-backed tree frogs of the genus Osteocephalus are conspicuous components of the tropical wet forests of the Amazon and the Guiana Shield. Here, we revise the phylogenetic relationships of Osteocephalus and its sister group Tepuihyla, using up to 6134 bp of DNA sequences of nine mitochondrial and one nuclear gene for 338 specimens from eight countries and 218 localities, representing 89% of the 28 currently recognized nominal species. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal (i) the paraphyly of Osteocephalus with respect to Tepuihyla, (ii) the placement of 'Hyla' warreni as sister to Tepuihyla, (iii) the non-monophyly of several currently recognized species within Osteocephalus and (iv) the presence of low (<1%) and overlapping genetic distances among phenotypically well-characterized nominal species (e.g. O. taurinus and O. oophagus) for the 16S gene fragment used in amphibian DNA barcoding. We propose a new taxonomy, securing the monophyly of Osteocephalus and Tepuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera and also erect a new genus for the sister group of Osteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for Osteocephalus. We recognize and define five monophyletic species groups within Osteocephalus, synonymize three species of Osteocephalus (O. germani, O. phasmatus and O. vilmae) and three species of Tepuihyla (T. celsae, T. galani and T. talbergae) and reallocate three species (Hyla helenae to Osteocephalus, O. exophthalmus to Tepuihyla and O. pearsoni to Dryaderces gen. n.). Furthermore, we flag nine putative new species (an increase to 138% of the current diversity). We conclude that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within Osteocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis, and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described. © 2013 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters