Review of Health Prognostics and Condition Monitoring of Electronic Components

To meet the specifications of low cost, highly reliable electronic devices, fault diagnosis techniques play an essential role. It is vital to find flaws at an early stage in design, components, material, or manufacturing during the initial phase. This review paper attempts to summarize past development and recent advances in the areas about green manufacturing, maintenance, remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, and like. The current state of the art in reliability research for electronic components, mainly includes failure mechanisms, condition monitoring, and residual lifetime evaluation is explored. A critical analysis of reliability studies to identify their relative merits and usefulness of the outcome of these studies' vis-a-vis green manufacturing is presented. The wide array of statistical, empirical, and intelligent tools and techniques used in the literature are then identified and mapped. Finally, the findings are summarized, and the central research gap is highlighted

Analyzing the Impact of Lockdown in Controlling COVID-19 Spread and Future Prediction

COVID-19 outbreaks are the critical challenge to the administrative units of all worldwide nations. India is also more concerned about monitoring the virus’s spread to control its growth rate by stringent behaviour. The present COVID-19 situation has huge impact in India, and the results of various preventive measures are discussed in this paper. This research presents different trends and patterns of data sources of States that suffered from the second wave of COVID-19 in India until 3rd July 2021. The data sources were collected from the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. This work reacts particularly to many research activities to discover the lockdown effects to control the virus through traditional methods to recover and safeguard the pandemic. The second wave caused more losses in the economy than the first wave and increased the death rate. To avoid this, various methods were developed to find infected cases during the regulated national lockdown, but the infected cases still harmed unregulated incidents. The COVID-19 forecasts were made on 3rd July 2021, using exponential simulation. This paper deals with the methods to control the second wave giving various analyses reports showing the impact of lockdown effects. This highly helps to safeguard from the spread of the future pandemic

Advances in PET Detection of the Antitumor T Cell Response

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique able to measure distinct biological processes in vivo by administration of a radiolabeled probe. Whole-body measurements track the probe accumulation providing a means to measure biological changes such as metabolism, cell location, or tumor burden. PET can also be applied to both preclinical and clinical studies providing three-dimensional information. For immunotherapies (in particular understanding T cell responses), PET can be utilized for spatial and longitudinal tracking of T lymphocytes. Although PET has been utilized clinically for over 30 years, the recent development of additional PET radiotracers have dramatically expanded the use of PET to detect endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. Novel probes have identified changes in T cell quantity, location, and function. This has enabled investigators to track T cells outside of the circulation and in hematopoietic organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, or within tumors. In this review, we cover advances in PET detection of the antitumor T cell response and areas of focus for future studies

Use of natural dyes for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cell: a review

The increasing concern for worldwide energy production is the result of global industrialization and decreasing energy resources. Despite the cost factor, solar energy continues to become more popular due to its long-term nature as a resource and growing conversion efficiency. A dye-sensitized solar cell converts visible light into electricity. The efficient use of dye as a sensitizer is the critical factor in enhancing the performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Natural dyes are found in abundance in leaves, flower petals, roots, and other natural resources. Due to the advantages of natural dyes such as cost-effectiveness, the simpler extraction process, and being environmentally friendly, etc., researchers are working extensively to replace synthetic dyes with natural ones. This paper highlights the various types of natural dyes and their effect on the efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell

Basic VLSI design technology

The book aims to give future and current VSLIdesign engineers a robust understanding of the underlying principles of basicVSLI design technology. It not only focuses on circuit design processes obeyingVLSI rules but also on technological aspects of fabrication. The HardwareDescription Language (HDL) Verilog is explained along with its modelling style.The book also covers CMOS design from the digital systems level to the circuitlevel. The book clearly explains fundamental principles and is a guide to gooddesign practices

Advanced VLSI technology

The book gives an understanding of the underlying principles of advanced VLSI technology. It not only focuses on circuit design process obeying VLSI rules but also on technological aspects of prototyping and fabrication. All the clocking processes, interconnects, and circuits of CMOS are explained in this book in an understandable format. The book provides contents on VLSIPhysical Design Automation, Design of VLSI Devices and also its Impact on PhysicalDesign

Sustainability Analysis of a ZnO-NaCl-Based Capacitor Using Accelerated Life Testing and an Intelligent Modeling Approach

From small toys to satellites, capacitors play a vital role as an energy storage element, filtering or controlling other critical tasks. This research paper focuses on estimating the remaining useful life of a nanocomposite-based fabricated capacitor using various experimental and artificial intelligence techniques. Accelerated life testing is used to explore the sustainability and remaining useful life of the fabricated capacitor. The acceleration factors affecting the health of capacitors are investigated, and experiments are designed using Taguchi’s approach. The remaining useful lifetime of the fabricated capacitor is calculated using a statistical technique, i.e., regression analysis using Minitab 18.1 software. An expert model is designed using artificial neural networks (ANN), which warns the user of any upcoming faults and failures. The average remaining useful life of the fabricated capacitor, using accelerated life testing, regression, and artificial neural network, is reported as 13,724.3 h, 14,515.9 h, and 14,247.1 h, respectively. A comparison analysis is conducted, and performance metrics are analyzed to opt for the most efficient technique for the prediction of the remaining useful life of the fabricated capacitor, which confirms 93.83% accuracy using the statistical method and 95.82% accuracy using artificial neural networks. The root mean square error (RMSE) of regression and artificial neural networks is found to be 0.102 and 0.167, respectively, which validates the consistency of the reliability methods

An intelligent model for residual life prediction of thyristor

Modern age is the age of integration, where millions of electronic components are integrated and installed on a single chip, to minimize the size of device and automatically increases the speed. But, as a greater number of components are placed on a single device, reliability becomes a concern issue, as failure of one component can degrade the complete device. From dimmer to high voltage power transmission, thyristors are widely used. The failure of thyristor can be proven dangerous for mankind, so the reliability prediction of thyristor is highly desirable. This paper is based on the accelerated life testing based experimental technique for reliability assessment. An intelligent model is designed using artificial intelligence techniques i.e. ANN, Fuzzy and ANFIS and comparative analysis is conducted to estimate the most accurate technique. Fuzzy based Graphical User Interface (GUI) is framed which informs the user about the live status of thyristor under various environmental conditions. The intelligent techniques are validated using experimental technique. An error analysis is conducted to predict the most accurate and reliable system for residual life prediction of thyristor. Out of all prediction techniques, ANFIS has the highest accuracy i.e. 95.3%, whereas ANN and Fuzzy inference system has accuracy range 86.1% and 89.2% respectively

Electrical properties enhancement of Liquid and Polymer Gel based electrolytes used for DSSC applications

Electrolytes have been considered a major component of DSSC and play a vital role in determining the ionic conductivity and efficiency of the cell. Emphasis was laid on the confirming the conductivity upon fabrication of an electrolyte using in situ gelation process from a newfangled combination of Triiodide (KI/I _2 /Glacial acetic acid/distilled water) and gel-based polymer electrolyte (Gelator: PMMA/THF/PC/EC) in the ratio 8:2. The electrolyte portion so framed generated a photo conversion efficiency of 11.32% and a fill factor of 0.439. The conductivity of the sample characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that the uniform tracks confirmed extreme ionic conductivity of the blend electrolyte which showed dependance on the layered movement of PMMA- co- THF- KI2/PC/EC based electrolyte system. Energy Dispersive x-ray Analysis (EDX) reports engrained the percentage weight proportions of conductive elements (C & O with a wt% of 65.48 and 30.18 in one spectrum and K & I with a wt% of 44.7 & 35.25 in another spectrum respectively). FTIR test analysis was performed to identify the functional groups of the PGE which identified the ionic conductivity of the sample, shown by the intensity of peak absorbance in the range 400–4000 cm ^−1 . Further it was observed, the conductivity of the different concentrations of the liquid and gelator solution demonstrated an increase in exhibiting ionic conductivity and the same was depicted by the morphological studies that featured dark pores of the sample which were spread consistently indicating the amorphous nature of the material (at room temperature)