9 research outputs found

    Photon control in nano-structured organic photovoltaic materials

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    Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology has emerged as a potential cost-effective solution to produce electrical energy. The foreseen low manufacturing costs combined with features as semi-transparency or mechanical flexibility give to OPV devices a strong potential for industrial applicability. However, the commercial implementation of this technology faces the challenge of increasing the relatively low power conversion efficiency of the current state-of-the-art OPV devices. This thesis presents an optical based approach to enhance the performance of OPV devices by effectively controlling sunlight photons. Such control is possible because of the coherent interaction between light and the multilayered structure constituting the OPV device. Accordingly, we studied the dependence of the optical field distribution inside the solar cell relative to the optical properties of the different layers including their refractive index , extinction coefficient , and thickness. This optical study led to the prediction of optimal OPV device structures. The first implementation of a photon control was done by changing the relative thicknesses of the different layers in the device. An optimal combination of thicknesses was found and confirmed experimentally. A significant reduction of the energy lost in the device was demonstrated. As a consequence, the photon harvesting improved, which led to a close matching between the external and internal quantum efficiencies in a broad wavelength range. A second photon control strategy to enhance the performance of OPV cells was implemented by modifying the complex refractive index of the nonactive device layers. Both and were changed in specific layers by considering new materials. Three different cases were considered: in the first example a BCP layer was used to replace calcium as electron transporting layer. The parasitic absorption induced by the highly absorptive calcium layer was diminished almost to zero after replacing this layer with BCP, a material whose extinction coefficient is null for a broad wavelength range. A 19% performance enhancement was demonstrated. In the second example, an ultrathin nickel oxide layer was used to replace the commonly used PEDOT layer as hole transporting layer. Very thin layers of nickel oxide could be used for a better photon distribution and harvesting in the photoactive layer. In the last case, a metallic cupper/nickel semi-transparent electrode was used to replace an ITO electrode. This new metallic electrode in combination with the back aluminum electrode enabled the formation of an optical cavity which resulted in a stronger localization of the field in the active layer. Finally, several of the concepts considered above to effectively localize the field in the active layer were used in conjunction with a photonic structure integrated in the OPV architecture to achieve an optically optimized semi-transparent OPV device. In particular, a one-dimensional non-periodic photonic crystal was designed and added to a semi-transparent OPV device in order to re-harvest UV and IR photons while keeping a high transmission for the visible photons. A power conversion efficiency enhancement larger than 56% was achieved while maintaining the device luminosity around 30%. An additional feature of the integration of such photonic crystal was the possibility of tuning the color transmitted by the device which was also demonstrated. In summary, in this thesis we demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that optics plays a very relevant role for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of OPV devices. The methods presented are perfectly compatible with a more oriented material science approach to achieve the final objective of obtaining a performance-competitive OPV technology.La tecnolog铆a fotovoltaica org谩nica (OPV) ha surgido como una soluci贸n potencial rentable para producir energ铆a el茅ctrica. Los bajos costos de manufactura previstos combinados con propiedades como semi-transparencia o flexibilidad mec谩nica le dan a los dispositivos OPV un gran potencial de ser aplicados industrialmente. Sin embargo, la implementaci贸n comercial de esta tecnolog铆a se enfrenta al reto de incrementar la relativamente baja eficiencia de los dispositivos OPV del estado del arte. Esta tesis presenta una aproximaci贸n 贸ptica para aumentar la eficiencia de los dispositivos OPV mediante un control efectivo de los fotones de la radiaci贸n solar. Tal control es posible debido a la interacci贸n coherente entre la luz y la estructura de multi-capas que constituye el dispositivo OPV. Consecuentemente, en esta tesis se estudia la dependencia de la distribuci贸n del campo 贸ptico dentro de la celda solar con las propiedades 贸pticas de las diferentes capas. Entre esas propiedades se incluyen el 铆ndice de refracci贸n , el coeficiente de extinci贸n y espesor de cada una de las capas. Este estudio 贸ptico ha permitido predecir estructuras 贸ptimas para los dispositivos OPV. La primera implementaci贸n del control de fotones fue hecha al cambiar los espesores relativos de las diferentes capas en el dispositivo. Una combinaci贸n 贸ptima fue encontrada y confirmada experimentalmente. Una reducci贸n significativa de la energ铆a perdida por reflexi贸n especular fue demostrada y como consecuencia, la recolecci贸n de fotones fue mejorada lo cual condujo a la concordancia entre las eficiencias cu谩nticas externa e internas en un amplio rango de longitudes de onda. Una segunda estrategia de control de fotones para mejorar el desempe帽o de los dispositivos OPV fue implementada tras modificar las propiedades 贸pticas de las capas en el dispositivo distintas a la capa activa. Tanto como fueron cambiados en capas espec铆ficas tras considerar nuevos materiales. Tres casos diferentes fueron considerados: en el primer caso, una capa de BCP fue usada para reemplazar el calcio como capa transportadora de electrones. La absorci贸n par谩sita inducida por el elvevado coeficiente de extinci贸n de la capa de calcio fue reducida casi hasta cero tras reemplazar esta capa con una de BCP, un material cuyo coeficiente de absorci贸n es pr谩cticamente cero para un amplio rango de longitudes de onda. Se demostr贸 un aumento en el desempe帽o de los dispositivos de hasta el 19%. En el segundo ejemplo, una capa ultra-delgada de 贸xido de n铆quel fue usada para reemplazar la com煤nmente empelada capa de PEDOT como capa transportadora de huecos. Estas capas de 贸xido de n铆quel permitieron una mejor distribuci贸n y recolecci贸n de fotones en la capa foto-activa. En el 煤ltimo caso, un electrodo semi-transparente hecho de cobre/n铆quel fue usado para reemplazar un electrodo de ITO. Este nuevo electrodo met谩lico en combinaci贸n con el electrodo de aluminio posterior del dispositivo permiti贸 la formaci贸n de una cavidad 贸ptica la cual result贸 en una mayor localizaci贸n del campo en la capa activa. Finalmente, varios de los conceptos considerados anteriormente para localizar efectivamente el campo en la capa activa fueron usados en combinaci贸n con una estructura fot贸nica integrada en la estructura para obtener un dispositivo OPV semitransparente 贸pticamente optimizado. Concretamente, un cristal fot贸nico unodimensional no-peri贸dico fue dise帽ado y a帽adido al dispositivo OPV semi-trasparente con la intenci贸n de recolectar fotones UV e IR y al tiempo manteniendo una alta transmisi贸n de los fotones visibles. Una mejora en el desempe帽o de los dispositivos superior al 56% fue obtenida preservando la luminosidad del dispositivo alrededor del 30%. Una propiedad adicional aportada por la integraci贸n de tales cristales fot贸nicos fue la posibilidad de modular el color transmitido por el dispositivo lo cual fue tambi茅n demostrado. En s铆ntesis, en esta tesis se demostr贸 experimental y te贸ricamente que la 贸ptica juega un papel relevante para aumentar la eficiencia de los dispositivos OPV. Los m茅todos presentados son perfectamente compatibles con la aproximaci贸n que se realiza desde la perspectiva de la ciencia de los materiales al objetivo final de obtener una tecnolog铆a OPV competitiva

    Semi-transparent polymer solar cells

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    Copyright 2015 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this publication for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the contents of the publication are prohibited.Over the last three decades, progress in the organic photovoltaic field has resulted in some device features which make organic cells applicable in electricity generation configurations where the standard silicon-based technology is not suitable, for instance, when a semi-transparent photovoltaic panel is needed. When the thin film solar cell performance is evaluated in terms of the device's visible transparency and power conversion efficiency, organic solar cells offer the most promising solution. During the last three years, research in the field has consolidated several approaches for the fabrication of high performance semi-transparent organic solar cells. We have grouped these approaches under three categories: devices where the absorber layer includes near-infrared absorption polymers, devices incorporating one-dimensional photonic crystals, and devices with a metal cavity light trapping configuration. We herein review these approaches.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Enhanced stability in semi-transparent PTB7/PC71BM photovoltaic cells

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    漏 2015. This version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/We studied the performance over time of opaque and semi-transparent PTB7:PC71BM bulk heterojunction solar cells. For unsealed inverted configuration cells we observe that when the isolation from the environment is improved, the degradation observed is dominated by one single exponential decay. We demonstrate that a dielectric multilayer stack of approximately 550 nm provides an isolation that increases the lifetime of the cell close to ten times. In that event the fill factor appears to be the PV parameter dominating cell degradation resulting from a decrease in the shunt resistance. An Impedance analysis we performed indicates that a Warburg element, attributed to the presence of slowly moving charges such as heavy ions, must be included in the description of the experimental data. The contribution from such element increases as the cell degrades in good agreement with a degradation dominated by the corrosive effects from external agents reaching the active layer of the device.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Enhanced light harvesting in semitransparent organic solar cells using an optical metal cavity configuration

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    Aquest article pot ser utilitzat per a fins no comercials, d'acord amb els termes i condicions d鈥檃uto-arxiu de Wiley. https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/licensing-open-access/open-access/self-archiving.htmlAn optical metal cavity configuration is used to trap near infrared light in a semitransparent organic solar cell. The efficiency for such cell, which has a higher than 20% transparency in the visible region, is equal to 90% of the efficiency of the corresponding opaque cell.Peer Reviewe

    Semi-transparent polymer solar cells

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    Copyright 2015 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this publication for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the contents of the publication are prohibited.Over the last three decades, progress in the organic photovoltaic field has resulted in some device features which make organic cells applicable in electricity generation configurations where the standard silicon-based technology is not suitable, for instance, when a semi-transparent photovoltaic panel is needed. When the thin film solar cell performance is evaluated in terms of the device's visible transparency and power conversion efficiency, organic solar cells offer the most promising solution. During the last three years, research in the field has consolidated several approaches for the fabrication of high performance semi-transparent organic solar cells. We have grouped these approaches under three categories: devices where the absorber layer includes near-infrared absorption polymers, devices incorporating one-dimensional photonic crystals, and devices with a metal cavity light trapping configuration. We herein review these approaches.Peer Reviewe

    Enhanced stability in semi-transparent PTB7/PC71BM photovoltaic cells

    No full text
    漏 2015. This version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/We studied the performance over time of opaque and semi-transparent PTB7:PC71BM bulk heterojunction solar cells. For unsealed inverted configuration cells we observe that when the isolation from the environment is improved, the degradation observed is dominated by one single exponential decay. We demonstrate that a dielectric multilayer stack of approximately 550 nm provides an isolation that increases the lifetime of the cell close to ten times. In that event the fill factor appears to be the PV parameter dominating cell degradation resulting from a decrease in the shunt resistance. An Impedance analysis we performed indicates that a Warburg element, attributed to the presence of slowly moving charges such as heavy ions, must be included in the description of the experimental data. The contribution from such element increases as the cell degrades in good agreement with a degradation dominated by the corrosive effects from external agents reaching the active layer of the device.Peer Reviewe

    Inmunolog铆a de la reacci贸n del citomegalovirus en trasplante renal

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    IP 1115-05-068-86Vol. 11, no 4 (oct-dic 1990); p. 1-6. -- PONENCIA(S) EN CONGRESO: Histocompatibilidad, citomegalovirus y;transplante renal / Jorge E. Ossa. ... [et. al]. -- En: CongresoColombiano de Medicina Interna (11 1990 oct :;11-15 : Cali, Colombia). -- Cali, 1990. -- p. -- 28 cm.;ARTICULO(S) EN REVISTA: Inmunobiologia de la infeccion porcitomegalovirus/ Jorge E. Ossa. -- En: Acta;Medica Colombiana. -- Vol. 12, no. 3 (may-jun 1987); p. 25462041.'-- Prevalencia de infeccion por;citomegalovirus / Jorge E. Ossa. ... [et. al]. -- En: ActaMedica Colombiana. -- Vol. 13, no. 3 (may-jun;1988); p. 125-128. -- Inmunopatogenesis de la infeccion por citomegalovirus en inmunosuprimidos pacientes /;Jorge E. Ossa. -- En: Temas Microbiologicos. -- Vol 10, no. 4(1989); p. 3-5. -- Frecuencia de Infeccion por;herpesvirus en 129 ni帽os en edad escolar en Antioquia / JorgeE.Ossa. ...[etal]. -- En: Revista Medica;Universidad de Antioquia. -- Vol. 3, no 1. (mar 1990); p.413309.'-- Estandarizacion de un metodo de ELISA para;citomegalovirus humano / Jorge E. Ossa. ... [et al]. -- En: Revista de laActa Medica Colombiana. -- Vol. 15,;no. 4 (jul-ago 1990); p. 180-186. -- Prevalencia de infeccionpor citomegalovirus en receptores y donantes de;trasplante renal en Medellin para 1988-1989 / Jorge E. Ossa. ...[et. al].'-- en: Revista de La Acta Medica;Colombiana. -- Vol. 15, no. 4 (jul-ago 1990); p. 175-179.'-- Inmunobiologia del transplante renal historia de;los transplantes y del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad /Jorge E. Ossa, Martin Correa. -- En: Revista;Medica Universidad de Antioquia. -- Vol. 3, no 2. (jul 1990);p.97-104. -'- aislamiento y tipificacion de;adenovirus tipo 3 en un caso de bronconeumonia / Jorge E.Ossa.... [et. al]. -- En: Temas Microbiologicos. -

    Aplicaci贸n pr谩ctica de la Resoluci贸n 2003 de 2014 y sus est谩ndares de habilitaci贸n en servicios prestados por la ESE Hospital La Mar铆a del municipio de Medell铆n

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    En nuestro Pa铆s, el Sistema Obligatorio de la Garant铆a de la Calidad, legislado en la 煤ltima de las normas actuales en salud que recopila todas las anteriores, el Decreto 780 de 2016, confirma lo obligatorio del cumplimiento para las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud del Sistema 煤nico de Habilitaci贸n, el cual se debe verificar por los departamentos con personal id贸neo que registre de forma clara y ver谩s el cumplimiento o no cumplimiento de cada uno de los requisitos de los siete est谩ndares, los cuales se centran en la atenci贸n segura en salud de los usuarios.Introducci贸n. -- Justificaci贸n. -- Antecedentes. -- Objetivos. -- Producto. -- Alcance. -- Actividades y Metodolog铆a. -- Diagn贸stico. -- Fortalezas. -- Limitaciones. -- Resultados. -- Conclusiones. -- Recomendaciones. -- Anexos. -- Bibliograf铆a. [email protected]
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